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Detection of Black Holes

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Although black holes were theoretically postulated in the 1920s, they remained outside the domain of observational astronomy until the 1970s.
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No object with a finite mass can travel faster than the speed of light in a vacuum. This fact has an interesting consequence in the domain of extremely high gravitational fields.
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Electric potential can be pictorially represented as a three-dimensional surface. On such a surface, the electric potential is constant everywhere. The equipotential surface is always perpendicular to the electric field lines, and while it is three-dimensional, it can be treated as an equipotential line in a two-dimensional case. These equipotential lines are also always perpendicular to electric field lines. The term equipotential is often used as a noun, referring to an equipotential line or...
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Directionality of Nuclear Transport01:42

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Ras-related nuclear protein or Ran is a small G protein that cycles between its GTP and GDP bound states. Ran specific regulators, a Ran GTPase Activating Protein or RanGAP present in the cytosol and a Ran guanine nucleotide exchange factor or RanGEF present inside the nucleus regulate GTP/GDP exchange. A high concentration of GTP inside the cells, in addition to this asymmetric distribution of  Ran-specific regulators, leads to a higher RanGTP concentration inside the nucleus. This...
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Toroids01:27

Toroids

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A toroid is a closely wound donut-shaped coil constructed using a single  conducting wire. In general, it is assumed that a toriod consists of  multiple circular loops perpendicular to its axis.
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Escape Velocity01:26

Escape Velocity

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The escape velocity of an object is defined as the minimum initial velocity that it requires to escape the surface of another object to which it is gravitationally bound and never to return. For example, what would be the minimum velocity at which a satellite should be launched from the Earth's surface such that it just escapes the Earth's gravitational field?
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 15, 2025

Identification of Metal Oxide Nanoparticles in Histological Samples by Enhanced Darkfield Microscopy and Hyperspectral Mapping
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Topological Portal to the Dark Sector.

Joe Davighi1, Admir Greljo2, Nudžeim Selimović3

  • 1CERN, Theoretical Physics Department, 1211 Geneva 23, Switzerland.

Physical Review Letters
|April 7, 2025
PubMed
Summary

We propose a novel connection between quantum chromodynamics and dark matter. This model predicts suppressed dark matter signals but offers new discovery opportunities at particle colliders.

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Area of Science:

  • Particle Physics
  • Cosmology
  • Quantum Field Theory

Background:

  • The nature of dark matter remains one of the most significant unsolved problems in physics.
  • Understanding the interaction between the visible sector (described by Quantum Chromodynamics) and the dark sector is crucial for a complete cosmological model.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To propose a new theoretical framework connecting Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD) and a dark sector.
  • To explore the implications of this connection for dark matter properties and detection.
  • To identify potential experimental signatures of this proposed interaction.

Main Methods:

  • Introducing a topological portal that links QCD and a dark sector with global symmetry breaking.
  • Analyzing the resulting particle content, specifically the connection between three QCD pions and two dark pions.
  • Gauging the portal to establish it as the primary interaction between the sectors.
  • Investigating the consequences for dark matter phenomenology, including annihilation rates and direct detection cross-sections.
  • Exploring potential collider signatures at experiments like Belle II.

Main Results:

  • The proposed model provides a self-consistent scenario for light, thermal, inelastic dark matter.
  • Antisymmetrization within the model leads to suppressed dark matter annihilations at later times.
  • Direct detection signals for this dark matter candidate are predicted to be suppressed.
  • Novel collider signatures are predicted, offering potential discovery avenues.

Conclusions:

  • The topological portal offers an elegant mechanism to connect QCD and the dark sector.
  • The model predicts a specific type of dark matter with suppressed late-time annihilations and direct detection signals.
  • Particle colliders, particularly Belle II, present promising opportunities for discovering this dark matter scenario through its unique signatures.