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Enhancing Viability in Static and Perfused 3D Tissue Constructs Using Sacrificial Gelatin Microparticles.

Andrew R Hudson¹, Daniel J Shiwarski¹, Alec J Kramer¹

¹Department of Biomedical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States.

ACS Biomaterials Science & Engineering

|April 7, 2025

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Engineered tissues can now be thicker and more viable. Researchers created porous scaffolds using 3D bioprinting (FRESH) and perfusion to improve nutrient diffusion, overcoming current tissue engineering limitations.

Keywords:

bioprinting perfusion porogen scaffold tissue engineering viability

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Published on: May 26, 2023

Area of Science:

Biomaterials Science
Tissue Engineering
3D Bioprinting

Background:

Engineered tissues face limitations in nutrient delivery to cells deep within constructs, hindering viability.
Current methods struggle to support cell survival beyond approximately 200 μm due to diffusion constraints.

Purpose of the Study:

To enhance nutrient diffusion and cell viability in engineered tissues by creating a microporous microenvironment.
To investigate the use of gelatin microparticles and the FRESH 3D bioprinting technique for scaffold fabrication.
To assess the impact of scaffold porosity and perfusion on nutrient transport and cell survival in larger constructs.

Main Methods:

Utilized the Freeform Reversible Embedding of Suspended Hydrogels (FRESH) 3D bioprinting technique.
Incorporated gelatin microparticles as a thermoresponsive porogen within collagen scaffolds to create interconnected pores.
Fabricated scaffolds with varying porosity levels and integrated vascular-like channels, applying perfusion for nutrient delivery.

Main Results:

Scaffolds with 75% porosity significantly increased diffusion rates and cell viability, surpassing the 200 μm limit.
The combination of microporosity and perfusion enhanced nutrient transport and cell survival in larger engineered tissues.
Demonstrated a method to create thicker tissues without necrotic regions, addressing a key challenge in tissue engineering.

Conclusions:

Optimizing scaffold microporosity and perfusion is crucial for overcoming nutrient diffusion limitations in tissue engineering.
This approach offers a promising strategy for developing thicker, viable engineered tissues at clinically relevant scales.
The findings pave the way for scalable tissue engineering applications by bridging tissue formation and vascularization processes.