Cardiac Catheterization I: Pre-Procedure Overview
Cardiac Catheterization II: Right Heart Catheterization
Cardiac Catheterization III: Left Heart Catheterization
Acute Coronary Syndrome IV: Interprofessional Care
Cardiomyopathy V: Interprofessional Care
Cardiomyopathy VII: Pre and Post Operative Nursing Management
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Updated: Jul 1, 2026

Echocardiographic Evaluation of Atrial Communications before Transcatheter Closure
Published on: February 8, 2022
Miriam Compagnone1, Gianni Dall'Ara1,2, Simone Grotti1
1Interventional and Structural Cardiovascular Unit, Forlì-Cesena, AUSL Romagna, Italy.
Emergent cardiac surgery (ECS) after transcatheter structural heart procedures is rare (<0.5%) due to improved techniques and expertise. However, outcomes for patients needing ECS remain poor, highlighting the need for careful planning and collaboration.
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