A conceptual framework and review of multi-method approaches for 3D markerless motion capture in sports and exercise

The increasing diversity in motion capture technologies necessitates a structured approach to review and compare different systems. This paper presents a conceptual framework based on a review of existing motion capture methodologies, ranging from single-camera configurations to multi-camera systems enhanced with depth sensing and computer vision technology. The framework encompasses three distinct approaches: 1) single-camera with depth estimation, 2) single-camera with depth sensors, and 3) multiple cameras. Each method is detailed in terms of setup procedures, calibration techniques, advantages and disadvantages, as well as data processing workflows. The paper provides a framework and guide that can be adapted to different research and application contexts for sports and exercise, ensuring accurate and reliable 3D markerless motion capture. This framework aims to assist researchers, analysts and scientists in choosing the most suitable configuration based on their sport, specific requirements and/or constraints. By outlining the processes and considerations for each setup, this paper serves as a methodological guide, facilitating broader adoption and standardisation of advanced 3D motion capture technologies for sports and exercise. Although empirical data is not included in this paper, the focus on procedural guidelines demonstrates methodological rigour and practical implementation for 3D markerless motion capture research in sports and exercise.