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Related Concept Videos

Immune Surveillance by NK Cells and Phagocytes01:25

Immune Surveillance by NK Cells and Phagocytes

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Immune surveillance is an integral part of the innate immune system, involving the continuous monitoring of peripheral tissues to detect and respond to pathogens, infected cells, or cancerous cells. This surveillance is conducted primarily by natural killer (NK) cells and phagocytes, which employ distinct but complementary mechanisms to identify and eliminate threats.
Natural Killer Cells: The Fast Responders
NK cells are large granular lymphocytes found in the blood and lymphatic system. These...
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Cells of the Innate Immune Response01:28

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The innate immune response is an immediate and non-specific response against pathogens, acting swiftly to prevent the spread of infections. The primary cells involved in this response are phagocytes and natural killer (NK) cells.
Phagocytes
Phagocytes police the peripheral tissues by removing cellular debris and responding to the invasion of foreign substances or pathogens. Many phagocytes attack and remove microorganisms even before lymphocytes detect them. The human body has two general...
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Phagocytosis of Apoptotic Cells01:17

Phagocytosis of Apoptotic Cells

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Cells undergoing apoptosis form apoptotic bodies that must be removed immediately to prevent inflammation, autoimmune diseases, and necrosis. Phagocytosis is carried out by professional phagocytes such as macrophages or  immature dendritic cells. Non-professional phagocytes such as  epithelial cells and fibroblasts also take part in this process; however, they are not as effective as professional phagocytes. 
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Antigen Presenting Cells01:22

Antigen Presenting Cells

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The immune system is a complex network of cells and molecules that protects the body from foreign invaders. T cells, a type of white blood cell, play a crucial role in this process. They recognize and attack foreign substances, such as pathogens, that enter the body.
T cells require the help of antigen-presenting cells (APCs), which process foreign antigens into smaller fragments that can be recognized by T cells. These APCs are highly specialized cells that efficiently internalize antigens...
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Phagocytosis00:41

Phagocytosis

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Cells pull particles inward and engulf them in spherical vesicles in an energy-requiring process called endocytosis. Phagocytosis ("cellular eating") is one of three major types of endocytosis. Cells use phagocytosis to take in large objects, such as other cells (or their debris), bacteria, and even viruses.
The objective of phagocytosis is often destruction. Cells use phagocytosis to eliminate unwelcome visitors, like pathogens (e.g., viruses and bacteria). Many immune system cells,...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 15, 2025

Bone Marrow-derived Macrophage Production
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Bone Marrow-derived Macrophage Production

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Macrophages deliver growth.

Amy E Baek1

  • 1Science Signaling, AAAS, Washington, DC 20005, USA.

Science Signaling
|April 8, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Glutamate is essential for liver regeneration, with macrophages playing a key role in this process. This finding highlights a critical molecular pathway for liver repair.

Area of Science:

  • Hepatology
  • Immunology
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Liver regeneration is a complex process crucial for restoring liver function after injury.
  • Macrophages are key immune cells involved in tissue repair and regeneration, including in the liver.
  • The specific molecular mechanisms by which macrophages drive liver regeneration are not fully understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of glutamate in macrophage-mediated liver regeneration.
  • To elucidate the molecular signaling pathways involved in this process.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized mouse models of liver injury and regeneration.
  • Employed genetic and pharmacological approaches to modulate glutamate levels and macrophage function.
  • Analyzed macrophage infiltration, activation, and gene expression profiles during liver regeneration.

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  • Assessed liver function and histological parameters post-injury.

    • Main Results:

    • Glutamate levels were significantly altered during liver regeneration.
    • Macrophage depletion or glutamate inhibition impaired liver regeneration.
    • Glutamate signaling was found to be critical for macrophage activation and their pro-regenerative functions.
    • Specific glutamate transporters and receptors on macrophages were identified as key players.

    Conclusions:

    • Glutamate is a critical mediator of macrophage-driven liver regeneration.
    • Targeting glutamate metabolism or signaling in macrophages presents a potential therapeutic strategy for liver diseases.
    • This study reveals a novel molecular link between amino acid metabolism and immune cell-driven tissue repair.