Monte Carlo simulation-based risk assessment of human exposure to multi-mycotoxins in Platycladi semen

Mycotoxin contamination in Platycladi semen has become an increasing concern worldwide due to its significant threat to public health. In this study, a modified QuEChERS-based UPLC-MS/MS method was established to detect multi-mycotoxins in 190 batches of Platycladi semen samples obtained from various channels in China. Out of these samples, 188 tested positive for one or more mycotoxins, with an incidence of 98.95 %. Alternariol monomethyl ether was the most commonly detected with an incidence rate of 92.63 %, followed by fumonisin B₂ at 91.58 % and sterigmatocystin at 87.89 %. Notably, the aflatoxin B₁ contents in 26 samples and the total aflatoxins contents in 18 samples exceeded their respective official maximum residue limits. Given the toxicity and high contamination levels of mycotoxins, the risk of human exposure to them via the consumption of Platycladi semen was assessed using Monte Carlo simulation-based probabilistic models. The risk assessment using the margin of exposure and hazard quotient approach indicated that Platycladi semen is particularly susceptible to aflatoxins and sterigmatocystin, which pose significant threats to human health. This study provides the regulatory authority with a powerful platform for monitoring multi-mycotoxins in Platycladi semen, offering valuable data to safeguard consumers from potential health risks associated with mycotoxin contamination.