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Related Concept Videos

T Cell Types and Functions01:24

T Cell Types and Functions

643
When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
Th1 cells stimulate dendritic cells to express necessary co-stimulatory molecules on their surfaces for...
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T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection01:22

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

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T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
Naive T cells that have not yet encountered an antigen express two primary CD...
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Cell-mediated Immune Responses01:40

Cell-mediated Immune Responses

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Overview
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Cytotoxic T Cells-mediated Immune Response01:27

Cytotoxic T Cells-mediated Immune Response

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Cytotoxic T cells are a vital component of the immune system. They have the remarkable ability to identify and target antigens on infected or abnormal cells. These antigens often originate from intracellular pathogens such as viruses or abnormal proteins cancer cells produce.
Immunological surveillance is the ability of immune cells to monitor and eliminate infected cells with intracellular pathogens, neoplastically transformed cells, and cells with non-self antigens. Cytotoxic T cells and NK...
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Inflammatory Response01:28

Inflammatory Response

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An inflammatory response is a localized, nonspecific immune reaction that occurs when a tissue is injured. It is characterized by redness, swelling, heat, and pain, which are commonly called the cardinal signs and symptoms of inflammation. Inflammation can sometimes result in a loss of function.
Inflammation can be triggered by various stimuli, such as impact, abrasion, chemical irritation, infections, and extreme hot or cold temperatures. These can damage cells and connective tissue fibers,...
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Bone Remodeling01:40

Bone Remodeling

38.0K
Bone remodeling is a continuous and balanced process of bone resorption by osteoclasts and bone formation by osteoblasts. In adults, it helps maintain bone mass and calcium homeostasis. While mechanical stress can stimulate turnover as part of the normal maintenance and reparative process, several hormones also regulate bone remodeling.
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The metabolic reprogramming of T cells controls airway remodeling in severe asthma.

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Internal regulation between constitutively expressed T cell co-inhibitory receptors BTLA and CD5 and tolerance in recent thymic emigrants.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 15, 2025

Author Spotlight: Understanding Disease Mechanisms Through Real-Time Analysis of T-Cell Migration
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Author Spotlight: Understanding Disease Mechanisms Through Real-Time Analysis of T-Cell Migration

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T cells with a taste for tissue remodeling.

Greet Verstichel1, Hilde Cheroutre1

  • 1Center for Autoimmune Disease and Inflammation, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Center for Cancer Immunotherapy, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.

Immunity
|April 9, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Specialized T cells migrate to the mammary gland during pregnancy. These immune cells optimize milk production, contributing to mammary gland remodeling.

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Reproductive Biology
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • T cells play roles in tissue remodeling.
  • The specific functions of T cells in mammary gland remodeling during pregnancy remain unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of T cells in mammary gland remodeling during pregnancy.
  • To understand how T cells influence milk production.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized mouse models to study T cell migration and function.
  • Employed techniques to analyze mammary gland tissue and milk composition.

Main Results:

  • Demonstrated that self-sensing T cells migrate to the mammary gland during pregnancy.
  • Showed that these T cells are crucial for optimizing milk production.
  • Identified a novel role for T cells in supporting maternal adaptations for lactation.

Conclusions:

  • Self-sensing T cells are key regulators of mammary gland adaptation during pregnancy.
  • T cell activity directly impacts milk production efficiency.
  • This research sheds light on the intricate interplay between the immune system and reproductive processes.