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Behavior is a product of both the situation (e.g., cultural influences, social roles, and the presence of bystanders) and of the person (e.g., personality characteristics). Subfields of psychology tend to focus on one influence or behavior over others. Situationism is the view that our behavior and actions are determined by our immediate environment and surroundings. In contrast, dispositionism holds that our behavior is determined by internal factors (Heider, 1958).
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 15, 2025

Creating Virtual-hand and Virtual-face Illusions to Investigate Self-representation
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Making Up Persons.

Matthew Wolf-Meyer1

  • 1Science and Technology Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York, USA.

Medical Anthropology
|April 10, 2025
PubMed
Summary

This study explores how categorizing differences impacts personhood, influencing the recognition of needs and desires, especially for those with mental disorders. It examines how concepts of innate or attributed personhood shape these perceptions.

Area of Science:

  • Philosophy of Mind
  • Social Sciences
  • Psychiatry

Background:

  • Personhood is understood as either innate or attributed based on capacities.
  • Ian Hacking's concept of dynamic nominalism provides a framework for analyzing categorization.
  • Existing research often overlooks how categorization impacts the validation of needs and desires.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To analyze how the categorization of difference shapes personhood.
  • To investigate the relationship between personhood, needs, and desires, particularly in contexts of mental disorder.
  • To critique how notions of innate or attributed personhood influence the recognition of lived experiences.

Main Methods:

  • Conceptual analysis drawing on Ian Hacking's "dynamic nominalism".
Keywords:
Cognitive disabilitiesUnited Statescommunication disorderspersonhoodsubjectivity

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  • Case study analysis of ethnographic works: Lorna Rhodes' *Total Confinement* and Neely Myers' *Recovery's Edge*.
  • Examination of how social and medical categories affect the perception of individuals' needs and desires.

    • Main Results:

    • Categorization of difference is central to establishing personhood.
    • Concepts of innate or attributed personhood can marginalize individuals with mental disorders by invalidating their needs and desires.
    • Rhodes' and Myers' work illustrates the reification of needs and desires within specific diagnostic and social contexts.

    Conclusions:

    • The attribution and categorization processes significantly influence who is recognized as a "person".
    • Understanding personhood requires examining how societal and medical frameworks shape the perception of needs and desires, especially for marginalized groups.
    • Further research is needed on the social construction of personhood and its implications for mental health care.