Related Experiment Video
Updated: May 15, 2025

Fecal Glucocorticoid Analysis: Non-invasive Adrenal Monitoring in Equids
Published on: April 25, 2016
Clostebol detection after transdermal and transmucosal contact. A systematic review
Vincenzo Giannicola Menditto1, Giulia Rossetti2, Alessia Ferrarini3
1Emergency and Internal Medicine Department, 18494 Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria delle Marche , Ancona, Italy.
Introduction:
To analyze the available evidence about the correlation between the presence of detectable amounts of clostebol metabolites in urine and the transdermal or transmucosal contact of clostebol.
Content:
A systematic review was performed. A systematic search was conducted in PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, Web of Science and the Cochrane library databases. Criteria for including studies were clinical studies reporting: (i) adult subjects; (ii) detection of urine clostebol metabolites derived from transdermal or transmucosal contact of clostebol.
Summary:
Seven papers pertinent to our questions were found: 3 case reports, one experimental study and 3 case reports with an experimental section for a total of 32 subjects. The median concentration of urine clostebol's metabolite 4-chloro-androst-4-en-3α-ol-17-one, M1 was 0.5 ng/mL (range 0.086-4.000 ng/mL; 25%-75 % IQ: 0.5-0.9 ng/mL) and 8.1 ng/mL (range 1.0-36.6 ng/mL; 25%-75 % IQ: 2.8-22.0 ng/mL), in subjects with indirect and direct exposure of clostebol, respectively (p=0.005).
Outlook:
We found consistent data that the detection of M1 in urine can be reconcilable with a transdermal or transmucosal contact of clostebol. In the cases of indirect exposure, the urine concentrations of M1 seem to be far lower than the concentrations found in case of direct exposure.
Related Concept Videos
Methods for Studying Drug Absorption: In vitro
The diffusion cell method uses a two-compartment cell, including a donor compartment with the drug solution, which simulates the environment where the drug is applied, and a receptor compartment with a buffer solution, which simulates the environment...
Tissue-Drug Binding: Localization of Drugs and its Significance
Drugs can bind to different tissue components, enhancing their distribution and localization. The factors influencing drug localization in tissues include the drug's lipophilicity, structural characteristics, tissue perfusion rate, and pH differences. These factors determine...
Drug Concentrations: Measurements
Plasma...
Drug Excretion: Miscellaneous Routes
Intracellular Hormone Receptors
Physiological Barriers
The blood endothelial barrier is the most porous of these. It allows all small ionized, un-ionized, and lipophilic molecules to pass through the endothelial lining into the interstitial space...

