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Biomarkers for SARS-CoV-2 infection. A narrative review
Sara Weronika Snopkowska Lesniak1, Diego Maschio1, Cesar Henriquez-Camacho1,2,3
1Servicio de Medicina Interna, Hospital Universitario de Mostoles, Madrid, Spain.
Frontiers in Medicine
|April 10, 2025
Summary
Identifying severe COVID-19 patients early is crucial. Key blood biomarkers like elevated leukocytes, neutrophils, and inflammatory markers, alongside decreased platelets and specific liver/kidney enzymes, indicate higher risk and poorer outcomes.
Area of Science:
- Infectious Diseases
- Clinical Pathology
- Biochemistry
Background:
- COVID-19 (caused by SARS-CoV-2) presents a significant global health challenge.
- Identifying patients at risk for severe disease is critical for effective healthcare management.
- Previous research has explored various laboratory abnormalities in COVID-19 patients.
Purpose of the Study:
- To systematically review and identify key blood biomarkers associated with severe COVID-19.
- To correlate these biomarkers with clinical outcomes in COVID-19 patients.
- To categorize relevant biomarkers into hematological, liver/kidney function, coagulation, and inflammatory markers.
Main Methods:
- A literature revision was conducted on studies investigating laboratory abnormalities in COVID-19 patients.
- Patients were compared based on disease severity (non-severe vs. severe).
- Blood biomarkers were analyzed and classified into five main categories.
Main Results:
- Increased leukocytes, neutrophils, and neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio were linked to severe infection.
- Decreased platelet counts and elevated liver enzymes (AST, ALT), kidney function markers (creatinine, BUN), and inflammatory markers (CRP, ferritin, IL-6) were observed.
- Elevated lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and D-dimer were identified as independent risk factors for mortality.
Conclusions:
- Specific hematological, liver, kidney, coagulation, and inflammatory biomarkers are significantly associated with COVID-19 severity.
- Biomarkers such as LDH and D-dimer are critical indicators of mortality risk in COVID-19 patients.
- These findings aid in developing strategies for early detection and risk stratification of severe COVID-19 cases.
