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Bone Marrow Sampling and Transplants

Bone marrow transplant is a potential cure for several diseases, including cancer and specific genetic disorders. Notably, this procedure is applicable for patients suffering from aplastic anemia, certain types of leukemia, severe combined immunodeficiency disease (SCID), Hodgkin's disease, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, multiple myeloma, thalassemia, sickle-cell disease, and certain cancers.
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Small-scale bone marrow dosimetry study for 225Ac.

Stephen Tronchin1, Jake Forster1, Kevin Hickson2

  • 1Department of Physics, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia; Medical Physics & Radiation Safety, South Australia Medical Imaging, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia.

Physica Medica : PM : an International Journal Devoted to the Applications of Physics to Medicine and Biology : Official Journal of the Italian Association of Biomedical Physics (AIFB)
|April 10, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Targeted alpha therapy uses 225Ac, but alpha particles cause non-uniform bone marrow doses. Our model shows alpha emissions irradiate less than half of marrow voxels, suggesting potentially lower toxicity than beta-emitters.

Keywords:
Actinium-225Bone marrowComputational voxel modelPHITSSmall-scale dosimetry

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Area of Science:

  • Medical physics
  • Nuclear medicine
  • Radiation oncology

Background:

  • Targeted alpha therapy (TAT) with Actinium-225 (225Ac) is an emerging cancer treatment.
  • Alpha particles have a short range, necessitating small-scale dosimetry for accurate bone marrow toxicity assessment.
  • Understanding dose distribution is crucial for optimizing TAT efficacy and safety.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a voxelized bone model for microdosimetry of 225Ac in trabecular bone.
  • To assess bone marrow toxicity by simulating alpha and beta emissions from 225Ac decay.
  • To compare the marrow irradiation patterns of alpha and beta emissions.

Main Methods:

  • Developed a 3D trabecular bone model from micro-CT scans with 37µm voxel size.
  • Utilized the Particle and Heavy Ion Transport Code System (PHITS) for radiation transport simulations.
  • Simulated alpha and beta emissions from 225Ac decay chain to calculate absorbed doses in marrow voxels.

Main Results:

  • Alpha decays from the trabecular surface irradiated 43% of marrow voxels.
  • Mean non-zero voxel dose from alpha emissions was 0.2 Gy, with a maximum of 1.1 Gy.
  • Beta emissions irradiated 100% of marrow voxels with a mean dose of 3.9 mGy.

Conclusions:

  • The study demonstrates non-uniform marrow dose distribution from 225Ac alpha emissions.
  • Alpha emissions from trabecular surfaces affect a smaller fraction of marrow voxels compared to beta emissions.
  • This suggests potentially lower bone marrow toxicity with alpha-emitters in skeletal metastases compared to beta-emitters.