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Related Concept Videos

Raman Spectroscopy Instrumentation: Overview01:26

Raman Spectroscopy Instrumentation: Overview

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A conventional Raman spectrophotometer includes a laser source, a sample holding system, a wavelength selector, and a detector.
The monochromatic laser source, typically using visible or near-infrared radiation, generates a highly focused beam of light. This light interacts with the molecules of the sample, scattering some of the light. Liquid and gaseous samples are usually tested in ordinary glass capillaries, while solids can be analyzed as powders packed in capillaries or as potassium...
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Raman Spectroscopy: Overview01:20

Raman Spectroscopy: Overview

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The underlying principle of Raman spectroscopy is based on the interaction between light and matter, specifically molecules' inelastic scattering of photons. When a monochromatic beam of light, typically from a laser source, interacts with a sample, most scattered light has the same frequency as the incident light. This is known as Rayleigh scattering.
However, a small fraction of the scattered light exhibits a frequency shift due to the exchange of energy between the incident photons and...
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Confocal Fluorescence Microscopy01:16

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Confocal microscopy is an advanced microscopic technique. The prime advantage of the confocal microscope over other microscopy techniques is its ability to block the out-of-focus light from the illuminated samples using pinholes. It is widely used with fluorescence optics to obtain high-resolution, sharp contrast images. Unlike optical microscopes, confocal microscopes use a focused beam of light laser to scan the entire sample surface at different z-planes. These microscopes are, therefore,...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 14, 2025

Resolving Water, Proteins, and Lipids from In Vivo Confocal Raman Spectra of Stratum Corneum through a Chemometric Approach
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Non-Invasive Depth Profiling of Base Cosmetic Formulations in the Skin Using Handheld Confocal Raman Spectroscopy.

Valerie Xinhui Teo1, Renzhe Bi1, Sze Han Lee2,3

  • 1Translational Biophotonics Lab, A*STAR Skin Research Labs (A*SRL), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Republic of Singapore.

Journal of Biophotonics
|April 10, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Confocal Raman Spectroscopy (CRS) non-invasively measures skin ceramide levels. Ceramide-based moisturizers show superior retention in the stratum corneum compared to aqueous ones, validated by LCMS.

Keywords:
confocal Raman spectroscopynoninvasive measurementspermeationpharmacokineticsskincare

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Area of Science:

  • Dermatology
  • Biophysics
  • Analytical Chemistry

Background:

  • Conventional methods for assessing skin hydration, like Transepidermal Water Loss (TEWL) and Corneometry, are influenced by environmental conditions.
  • There is a lack of in vivo methods to quantify ceramide content within the skin.
  • Understanding ceramide absorption and retention is crucial for effective skincare formulation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the utility of a handheld Confocal Raman Spectroscopy (CRS) system for non-invasive analysis of ceramide-based and aqueous-based moisturizers.
  • To investigate the in vivo absorption and retention kinetics of different moisturizer formulations.
  • To compare the performance of CRS with established analytical techniques.

Main Methods:

  • A handheld Confocal Raman Spectroscopy (CRS) system was employed to measure skin ceramide content.
  • Measurements were conducted on 40 subjects, comprising 20 healthy individuals and 20 with atopic dermatitis.
  • Skin ceramide levels were analyzed at various time points post-moisturizer application, with validation using Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (LCMS).

Main Results:

  • Ceramide-based creams demonstrated prolonged ceramide retention in the stratum corneum, notably at 24 hours post-application, compared to aqueous-based creams.
  • Handheld CRS provided non-invasive in vivo measurements of moisturizer absorption and retention.
  • Validation against LCMS for ceramide NP showed a high correlation (r=0.96) in healthy subjects.

Conclusions:

  • Handheld Confocal Raman Spectroscopy is a promising tool for non-invasively evaluating skincare formulations.
  • This technology can enhance the development of personalized skincare solutions by accurately assessing moisturizer efficacy.
  • The study highlights the superior retention of ceramide-based formulations in the skin barrier.