Monkeypox: an in-depth examination of epidemiology, pathophysiology, and global public health implications

Mpox, formerly known as monkeypox, is a zoonotic disease caused by the monkeypox virus (MPXV) within the Orthopoxvirus genus. Following the cessation of smallpox vaccination, mpox has re-emerged as a significant public health concern, exacerbated by global outbreaks in non-endemic regions.

This narrative review aims to explore the epidemiology, transmission patterns, clinical manifestations, treatment options, and public health implications of mpox. It seeks to identify research gaps and propose strategies for prevention and management.

A comprehensive review of the literature was conducted using scientific databases and credible health organization reports. Inclusion criteria focused on studies addressing mpox epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical presentations, and treatment strategies published up to 2024.

Mpox has transitioned from zoonotic origins to significant human-to-human transmission, particularly via sexual contact. Outbreaks have highlighted diverse clinical presentations, including dermatological, respiratory, and systemic symptoms, with immunocompromised individuals disproportionately affected. Tecovirimat and JYNNEOS vaccines show promise, but challenges in vaccine distribution and underreporting persist. Public health responses remain uneven, with significant disparities in low-resource settings.

Mpox remains a pressing global health concern requiring robust surveillance, equitable vaccine access, and community-centered awareness campaigns. Research priorities include genomic studies, improved diagnostics, and targeted therapeutic approaches to mitigate future outbreaks and their socioeconomic impact.