Catalytically Propelled Micro- and Nanoswimmers

The last decade has seen a surge of interest in the field of catalytically propelled micro- and nanoswimmers for their potential use in biomedical applications, such as biosensing, biopsy, targeted drug delivery, and on-the-fly chemistry. However, to fully utilize these devices, precise control over their motion is essential. Therefore, it is important to thoroughly understand their locomotion mechanisms. Herein, the currently accepted mechanisms for propulsion are discussed, which are self-electrophoresis, self-diffusiophoresis, and bubble recoil. Additionally, the concept of using multilocomotive mechanisms as a solution to achieve fully autonomous navigation is explored. Moreover, recent advances in the design of these devices are explored.