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Related Concept Videos

Reduction of Alkenes: Asymmetric Catalytic Hydrogenation02:17

Reduction of Alkenes: Asymmetric Catalytic Hydrogenation

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Catalytic hydrogenation of alkenes is a transition-metal catalyzed reduction of the double bond using molecular hydrogen to give alkanes. The mode of hydrogen addition follows syn stereochemistry.
The metal catalyst used can be either heterogeneous or homogeneous. When hydrogenation of an alkene generates a chiral center, a pair of enantiomeric products is expected to form. However, an enantiomeric excess of one of the products can be facilitated using an enantioselective reaction or an...
3.2K
Reduction of Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation02:13

Reduction of Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation

11.7K
Alkenes undergo reduction by the addition of molecular hydrogen to give alkanes. Because the process generally occurs in the presence of a transition-metal catalyst, the reaction is called catalytic hydrogenation.
Metals like palladium, platinum, and nickel are commonly used in their solid forms — fine powder on an inert surface. As these catalysts remain insoluble in the reaction mixture, they are referred to as heterogeneous catalysts.
The hydrogenation process takes place on the...
11.7K
Reduction of Alkynes to cis-Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation02:24

Reduction of Alkynes to cis-Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation

7.6K
Introduction
Like alkenes, alkynes can be reduced to alkanes in the presence of transition metal catalysts such as Pt, Pd, or Ni. The reaction involves two sequential syn additions of hydrogen via a cis-alkene intermediate.
7.6K
Preparation of Amides01:29

Preparation of Amides

2.9K
Amides are synthesized by treating carboxylic acids with amines in the presence of dehydrating agents like dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCC).
The DCC-promoted synthesis of amides begins with the protonation of DCC by carboxylic acid. The protonation makes it a better acceptor. Next, the addition of carboxylate to the protonated carbodiimide gives a reactive acylating agent.
Subsequently, the amine acts as a nucleophile that attacks the acylating agent to form a tetrahedral intermediate. In the...
2.9K
Amides to Carboxylic Acids: Hydrolysis01:28

Amides to Carboxylic Acids: Hydrolysis

3.0K
Amides can undergo either acid-catalyzed hydrolysis or base-promoted hydrolysis through a typical nucleophilic acyl substitution. Each hydrolysis requires severe conditions.
Acid-catalyzed hydrolysis:
Hydrolysis of amides under acidic conditions yields carboxylic acids. Since the reaction occurs slowly, hydrolysis requires the conditions of heat.
The mechanism begins with the protonation of the carbonyl oxygen by the acid catalyst. The protonation makes the amide carbonyl carbon more...
3.0K
Aldehydes and Ketones with Amines: Imine Formation Mechanism01:23

Aldehydes and Ketones with Amines: Imine Formation Mechanism

5.1K
Imine formation involves the addition of carbonyl compounds to a primary amine. It begins with the generation of carbinolamine through a series of steps involving an initial nucleophilic attack and then several proton transfer reactions. The second part includes the elimination of water, as a leaving group, to give the imine.
Imines are formed under mildly acidic conditions. A pH of 4.5 is ideal for the reaction.
If the pH is low or the solution is too acidic, the reaction slows down in the...
5.1K

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 14, 2025

Catalytic Reactions at Amine-Stabilized and Ligand-Free Platinum Nanoparticles Supported on Titania During Hydrogenation of Alkenes and Aldehydes
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Catalytic Reactions at Amine-Stabilized and Ligand-Free Platinum Nanoparticles Supported on Titania During Hydrogenation of Alkenes and Aldehydes

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Low pressure amide hydrogenation enabled by magnetocatalysis.

Sheng-Hsiang Lin1,2, Sihana Ahmedi1,2, Aaron Kretschmer1

  • 1Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany.

Nature Communications
|April 11, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Magnetocatalysis enables efficient amide hydrogenation using mild hydrogen pressures. This novel approach utilizes iron carbide nanoparticles on platinum catalysts for localized heating, making amine synthesis more accessible.

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Synthesis of Metal Nanoparticles Supported on Carbon Nanotube with Doped Co and N Atoms and its Catalytic Applications in Hydrogen Production
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Ammonia Synthesis at Low Pressure
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Ammonia Synthesis at Low Pressure

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Catalytic Reactions at Amine-Stabilized and Ligand-Free Platinum Nanoparticles Supported on Titania During Hydrogenation of Alkenes and Aldehydes
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Ammonia Synthesis at Low Pressure
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Ammonia Synthesis at Low Pressure

Published on: August 23, 2017

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Area of Science:

  • Catalysis
  • Organic Synthesis
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Amide hydrogenation is crucial for synthesizing valuable amines used in various organic compounds.
  • Current methods often require high hydrogen pressures, necessitating specialized equipment and limiting accessibility.
  • Developing milder hydrogenation conditions is essential for broader application in research and industry.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To demonstrate a novel magnetocatalytic approach for amide hydrogenation under mild conditions.
  • To investigate the use of functionalized supported catalysts for enhanced hydrogenation efficiency.
  • To explore the potential of magnetocatalysis for practical amine synthesis.

Main Methods:

  • Functionalization of commercial platinum on alumina (Pt/Al2O3) with iron carbide nanoparticles (ICNPs).
  • Utilizing an alternating current magnetic field to induce localized heating and activate the catalyst (ICNPs@Pt/Al2O3).
  • Testing the catalyst's performance in amide hydrogenation under varying hydrogen pressures (3 bar and ambient).

Main Results:

  • Achieved unprecedented amide hydrogenation at mild conditions (150°C, 3 bar or ambient H2 pressure).
  • Demonstrated high activity and selectivity for a range of amides using the ICNPs@Pt/Al2O3 catalyst.
  • Showcased the catalyst's adaptive response to fluctuating electricity supply, mimicking renewable energy sources.

Conclusions:

  • Magnetocatalysis offers a practical and efficient route for amide hydrogenation, overcoming limitations of high-pressure methods.
  • The developed ICNPs@Pt/Al2O3 catalyst shows significant potential for both laboratory and industrial-scale amine synthesis.
  • This work highlights the broader applicability of magnetocatalysis in synthetic chemistry.