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Real-Time Identification Algorithm of Daylight Space Debris Laser Ranging Data Based on Observation Data Distribution

Yang Liu^1,2, Xue Dong^1,2, Jian Gao¹

¹Changchun Observatory, National Astronomical Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130117, China.

Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)

|April 12, 2025

Summary

This study introduces a new algorithm for real-time laser ranging of space debris during daylight. It effectively distinguishes faint echo signals from intense background noise, improving space debris tracking.

Keywords:

chi-square test daylight debris laser ranging real-time data identification

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Area of Science:

Space Science and Engineering
Optical Engineering
Signal Processing

Background:

Daylight laser ranging of space debris is challenging due to intense background noise.
Traditional methods struggle with low signal-to-noise ratios and daylight conditions.
Accurate tracking and orbit determination of space debris are critical for space safety.

Purpose of the Study:

To develop a real-time algorithm for space debris laser ranging during daylight.
To enhance the observation success rate by overcoming background noise limitations.
To provide a novel approach for tracking and precise orbit determination in high-noise environments.

Main Methods:

Established a joint distribution model for noise and echo signals based on daylight background noise intensity.
Developed a real-time recognition algorithm utilizing the statistical distribution differences of single-photon detector measurements.
Employed a goodness-of-fit test for geometric distribution and chi-square statistic analysis to identify echo signals within data intervals.

Main Results:

Achieved real-time recognition of echo intervals within 1 second under specific conditions (400 Hz laser frequency, 2x10^7 photons/sec background noise).
Successfully identified faint echo signals (0.09 echo photons per single pulse).
Demonstrated effective echo discrimination in high-noise, daylight environments.

Conclusions:

The developed algorithm overcomes the limitations of traditional signal intensity thresholds.
This method offers a novel technical solution for space debris tracking and orbit determination in low signal-to-noise ratio conditions.
The study significantly advances the capabilities for daylight laser ranging of space debris.