Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices of Dietary Supplement Use in Western Saudi Arabia: A Cross-Sectional Study

Dietary supplements (DSs) are widely used to complement diets, particularly among individuals with specific nutritional needs. While DSs can promote health and prevent disease, improper use may lead to adverse effects or medication interactions, highlighting the need for safe, informed consumption. This study assesses knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) related to DSs in Western Saudi Arabia, providing insights into national consumption patterns.

A cross-sectional online survey was conducted between December 2023 and February 2024. A 28-item questionnaire covering demographics, knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding DSs was administered. Participants aged 18 years and older residing in the study regions were recruited through convenience sampling. Data were analyzed with SPSS version 22 using descriptive statistics and chi-square tests.

A total of 1006 participants completed the survey, with 70.5% (n = 709) reporting DS use. Most respondents were female (71.8%) and 34.3% were aged between 18 and 30 years. Although 82.5% were aware of DSs, only 41% knew the correct dosages, and 30.3% expressed uncertainty about DS safety. About 28.1% of DS users experienced side effects. Multivitamins were the most commonly used DS type (44.9%), followed by mono-vitamins (39.9%) and minerals (7.5%). The primary motivations for DS use were health improvement and ensuring adequate nutrition (66%), while 20% used DSs to address specific deficiencies. Most participants sourced DSs from pharmacies (85.5%), and 46.6% relied on the internet for information. Significant differences in DSs use were observed based on gender and age (p < 0.001).

This study highlights the widespread use of DSs, with significant gaps in knowledge, attitudes, and practices concerning dosage and safety. Associations between DS use and demographic factors indicate that public health strategies should address these variables. Targeted education and clear guidance on safe DS use are essential for promoting informed consumption and reducing potential health risks.