Related Experiment Video
Updated: May 3, 2026
3D Imaging of PDL Collagen Fibers during Orthodontic Tooth Movement in Mandibular Murine Model
Published on: April 15, 2021
Long-term relapse of anterior teeth in orthodontic patients treated with and without premolar extractions using a
Isil Aras1, Richard Griffith1, James Trouten1
1School of Orthodontics Brooks Rehabilitation College of Healthcare Sciences, Jacksonville University, Jacksonville, Fla.
Introduction:
The study evaluated the long-term postretention changes in patients with borderline crowding treated with and without premolar extractions using 3-dimensional surface registration analyses and 2-dimensional (2D) conventional measurements.
Methods:
The study sample comprised 29 nonextraction patients (nonextraction group [NG]) and 33 extractions (extraction group [EG]). Cephalometric radiographs and dental models of the included patients were used from pretreatment, posttreatment, and postretention. Retention durations were 3.76 ± 1.26 years and 4.52 ± 1.94 years in the NG and EG, respectively. The postretention follow-up period was 17.06 ± 5.83 years for the EG and 14.30 ± 5.70 years for the NG, with similar long-term observations. Maxillary and mandibular superimpositions were performed using 3-dimensional digital scans of the dental models and commercial software. In addition, conventional 2D model measurements and the irregularity index were also assessed.
Results:
The investigated parameters regarding the surface changes showed nonsignificant differences (P >0.05) between the 2 groups in the maxillary and mandibular anterior 6 teeth, except for the under tolerance value (the percentage of mesh points that is less than the lower tolerance limit) in mandibular surface registrations (P <0.044). In both groups, the maxillary and mandibular irregularity index and maxillary and mandibular intercanine distances showed significant relapses (P <0.05).
Conclusions:
Comparable surface change outcomes were observed in the NGs and EGs. However, the percentage of meshes exceeding the negative threshold value (-1 mm) of the mandibular dentition in the NG exceeded the EG, indicating more significant lingual movement and relapse of the incisors. In addition, the 2D conventional linear relapse measurements were well below the 3.5 mm threshold value reported in the literature. This finding indicated that both treatment approaches provide acceptable long-term stability in borderline patients when similar retention regimens are employed.
