Responsible integration of artificial intelligence in clinical care: An American Association of Orthodontists...

This paper, which is adapted for publication and differs slightly from the original version distributed to American Association of Orthodontists (AAO) members in January 2026, is authored by the AAO Task Force on Artificial Intelligence in Orthodontics, and provides professional guidance for the responsible development, implementation, and oversight of artificial intelligence (AI) technologies in orthodontic clinical care. Although not regulatory, it establishes a framework to support ethical adoption, patient safety, and professional accountability in the integration of AI systems. The objectives of this paper are to preserve professional authority, promote transparency in AI development, protect patient safety, and establish a principles-based framework. These objectives will be guided through the following 6 core principles: (1) AI governance and the human-in-command, (2) regulatory alignment and risk-based oversight, (3) trustworthiness and transparency across the lifecycle, (4) patient autonomy, (5) education and clinical AI competency, and (6) operational integration and data privacy. The seamless integration of AI into orthodontic and dental care positions the orthodontist not only as the final decision-maker in the use of AI for patient care but also as the responsible party. Through transparency and a clear understanding of the underlying algorithms and learning models, orthodontists can deliver enhanced care that thoughtfully integrates technological innovation with traditional biomechanical principles without compromising patient safety, quality of care, or autonomy.