Pathway Complexity of Kinetically Trapped Dipeptide-Based Metastable State: Supramolecular Structural Transformation...

Understanding the complexity of nanostructures involved during the supramolecular polymerization process can be achieved by kinetic control rather than thermodynamic stability. Study on supramolecular pathway complexity and associated nanostructures will provide precise control over the materials' properties. This work illustrates the pathway complexity and structural transformation of a naphthalimide-(NMI)-conjugated dipeptide from monomer to thermodynamically stable aggregated state in a binary mixed solvent system (DMSO and water). The self-assembly propensity can be modulated by changing the ratio of water, which offers an effective approach to provide kinetic stability to the on-pathway gel state before reaching its thermodynamically stable crystalline precipitate state. An in-depth spectroscopic and microscopic investigation suggested that the self-assembly process initiated the formation of tiny particles, which further nucleated to form a helical nanofibrilar assembly. At higher water percentages, the supramolecular gel state showed a transient behavior and proceeded toward its thermodynamic stability. However, at lower water percentage, the self-assembly process is kinetically trapped in its gel state. Here, the helicity of nanofibers can be modulated by altering the percentage of water in the mixed solvent. The self-assembled system is completely thermoreversible and can retain its chiral memory even after complete dissolution in the respective solvent composition.