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Aqueous Solutions and Heats of Hydration02:42

Aqueous Solutions and Heats of Hydration

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Water and other polar molecules are attracted to ions. The electrostatic attraction between an ion and a molecule with a dipole is called an ion-dipole attraction. These attractions play an important role in the dissolution of ionic compounds in water.
When ionic compounds dissolve in water, the ions in the solid separate and disperse uniformly throughout the solution because water molecules surround and solvate the ions, reducing the strong electrostatic forces between them. This process...
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Hydronium and hydroxide ions are present both in pure water and in all aqueous solutions, and their concentrations are inversely proportional as determined by the ion product of water (Kw). The concentrations of these ions in a solution are often critical determinants of the solution’s properties and the chemical behaviors of its other solutes. Two different solutions can differ in their hydronium or hydroxide ion concentrations by a million, billion, or even trillion times. A common...
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Solution, Solubility, and Solubility Equilibrium
A solution is a homogeneous mixture composed of a solvent, the major component, and a solute, the minor component. The physical state of a solution—solid, liquid, or gas—is typically the same as that of the solvent. Solute concentrations are often described with qualitative terms such as dilute (of relatively low concentration) and concentrated (of relatively high concentration).
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Polyprotic Acids03:38

Polyprotic Acids

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Acids are classified by the number of protons per molecule that they can give up in a reaction. Acids such as HCl, HNO3, and HCN that contain one ionizable hydrogen atom in each molecule are called monoprotic acids. Their reactions with water are:
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Synthesis of Hydrogels with Antifouling Properties As Membranes for Water Purification
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Quantifying Hydrophilicity in Polyelectrolytes and Polyzwitterions.

Nagham Abou Hamad1, John Akintola1, Joseph B Schlenoff1

  • 1Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32308-4390, United States.

Macromolecules
|April 14, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Charged polymers

Area of Science:

  • Polymer science and materials chemistry, focusing on the hydration of charged polymers.

Background:

  • Water affinity, or hydrophilicity, is crucial for polyelectrolyte behavior in solution and materials.
  • Quantifying hydrophilicity is challenging, with limited methods beyond simple solubility.
  • Polyelectrolyte complexes (PECs) and polyzwitterions (PZs) are material types where hydration is key.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To establish a reliable method for ranking the hydrophilicity of charged polymers.
  • To compare the water affinity of various polyelectrolytes (PEs) and polyzwitterions (PZs).
  • To investigate the relationship between polymer structure and hydration enthalpy.

Main Methods:

  • Aqueous size exclusion chromatography with static light scattering to determine polymer size scaling.
  • Solution calorimetry to measure the enthalpy of solution (ΔHsol) in 0.1 M NaCl.

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  • Analysis of a range of cationic, anionic PEs, and PZs.

    • Main Results:

    • All studied polymers exhibited exothermic enthalpies of solution, indicating favorable hydration.
    • A clear ranking of hydrophilicity was established based on ΔHsol values.
    • Methacrylate-based polymers showed significantly higher hydrophilicity compared to non-methacrylate counterparts.
    • Polyzwitterions demonstrated strong hydration, supporting their antifouling properties.

    Conclusions:

    • Solution calorimetry provides a robust method for quantifying and ranking polymer hydrophilicity.
    • Polymer structure, particularly the presence of methacrylate groups, strongly influences water affinity.
    • Polyzwitterions are highly hydrated, but their water binding is not necessarily stronger than all polyelectrolytes.