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Investigating the Relationship between Smoking and Panic Disorder: A Cross-Sectional Study among US Adults
Arman Shafiee1,2, Mana Goodarzi3, Shahryar Rajai Firouzabadi3
1Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran.
Depression and Anxiety
|April 14, 2025
Summary
Smoking cigarettes is a significant risk factor for panic disorder in US adults. Individuals who never smoked had significantly lower odds of panic disorder, indicating a protective effect.
Area of Science:
- Epidemiology
- Psychiatry
- Public Health
Background:
- Limited research exists on panic disorder risk factors in the US population.
- This study investigates the association between smoking and panic disorder among US adults.
Purpose of the Study:
- To explore the relationship between smoking behaviors and panic disorder in a US adult population.
- To identify smoking as a potential risk factor for panic disorder.
Main Methods:
- Cross-sectional study utilizing data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.
- Analysis included 2,222 adult participants.
- Statistical analysis included unadjusted and multivariate logistic regression to assess odds ratios.
Main Results:
- Occasional cigarette smoking was significantly associated with increased odds of panic disorder (adjusted OR: 2.89).
- Individuals who never smoked cigarettes showed significantly lower odds of panic disorder (adjusted OR: 0.180).
- No association was found between pipe/cigar smoking and panic disorder.
Conclusions:
- Smoking remains a significant risk factor for panic disorder, independent of other variables.
- Further longitudinal research is recommended to establish causality between smoking and panic disorder.
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