Association between unhealthy dietary patterns and anxiety symptoms: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Anxiety is a prevalent mental health concern globally, with emerging evidence suggesting a potential link between dietary patterns and anxiety symptoms. This systematic review and meta-analysis aim to investigate the association between unhealthy dietary patterns and anxiety, shedding light on the potential impact of dietary choices on mental health.

Adhering to PRISMA guidelines, a systematic search of Medline (via PubMed), Scopus, and Embase databases was conducted up to February 2026. Eligible studies that investigated the association between unhealthy dietary patterns and anxiety were included. Pooled effect sizes were calculated using a random-effects model. Heterogeneity was assessed using the I² statistic, and publication bias was evaluated using funnel plot analysis and Egger's test.

The meta-analysis demonstrated a significant association between unhealthy dietary patterns and increased odds of anxiety symptoms (OR = 2.05, 95% CI: 1.49-2.83, p < 0.001), with substantial heterogeneity (I² = 95.49%). Subgroup analyses indicated that fast-food consumption had the strongest association (OR = 3.05, 95% CI: 1.37-6.79), followed by ultra-processed foods (OR = 2.69, 95% CI: 1.48-4.89) and Western diets (OR = 1.30, 95% CI: 1.08-1.56). Associations were consistent across adults and adolescents and across most anxiety assessment tools. Sensitivity analyses confirmed the robustness of these findings. Although funnel plots suggested potential publication bias, Egger's test was non-significant (p = 0.27).

This systematic review and meta-analysis provide evidence of an association between unhealthy dietary patterns and increased odds of anxiety.