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Related Concept Videos

Physiological Control of Respiration01:23

Physiological Control of Respiration

Introduction
Breathing, a seemingly passive process, is regulated by the respiratory center in the brainstem. This center coordinates the involuntary control of respirations, which means it occurs without conscious effort, ensuring a smooth and uninterrupted pattern.
Regulation of Ventilation
The body maintains ventilation by monitoring levels of carbon dioxide (CO2), oxygen (O2), and hydrogen ion concentration (pH) in the arterial blood. Among these factors, the level of CO2 plays a crucial...
Assessment of Ventilation II: Respiratory Depth and Rhythm01:29

Assessment of Ventilation II: Respiratory Depth and Rhythm

Respiratory Depth
Respiratory depth measures the volume of air inhaled or exhaled during a breath. It can vary from shallow to deep and typically remains consistent when a person is at rest or asleep. Occasionally, individuals will automatically inhale deeply, known as sighing, which inflates the lungs with more air than normal breathing.
To assess respiratory depth, observe the degree of chest excursion or movement:
Acute Respiratory Failure-IV01:23

Acute Respiratory Failure-IV

Respiratory failure can manifest suddenly or gradually, characterized by a rapid decline in PaO2 and a rapid rise in PaCO2. This situation indicates a severe respiratory problem that may quickly become a life-threatening emergency. One of the early signs of hypoxemic Acute Respiratory Failure (ARF) is a change in mental status due to the brain's sensitivity to oxygen levels and changes in acid-base balance. Symptoms such as restlessness, confusion, and agitation suggest inadequate oxygen...
Mechanical Ventilation I: Indication and Settings01:29

Mechanical Ventilation I: Indication and Settings

Mechanical ventilation is a life-saving technique for managing acute respiratory failure and other respiratory complications. The process involves using a machine known as a ventilator to supply oxygen to the lungs and assist in removing carbon dioxide. It serves as a bridge to long-term mechanical ventilation or a temporary measure until ventilatory support is discontinued. The ventilator can maintain this function for a prolonged period, providing critical support for patients until they can...
Mechanical Ventilation II: Invasive Ventilation01:23

Mechanical Ventilation II: Invasive Ventilation

Ventilators are essential medical equipment used to aid patients with respiratory difficulties. Their primary function is to assist or replace spontaneous breathing by providing mechanical ventilation. There are two general classes of mechanical ventilators: negative-pressure and positive-pressure ventilators.
Negative-Pressure Ventilators
Negative-pressure ventilators create a vacuum around the chest or body to draw air into the lungs, simulating breathing. This method does not require an...
Mechanical Ventilation III: Noninvasive Ventilation01:23

Mechanical Ventilation III: Noninvasive Ventilation

Noninvasive positive-pressure ventilation (NIPPV), continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP), and bilevel positive airway pressure (BiPAP) are essential methods in respiratory care. These ventilation techniques offer unique benefits for patients with various respiratory conditions, providing adequate support without requiring intubation. Let's explore how each method is crucial in improving patient outcomes and enhancing respiratory therapy.
Noninvasive Positive-Pressure Ventilation (NIPPV)

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Halogenated Agent Delivery in Porcine Model of Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome via an Intensive Care Unit Type Device
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Dyspnea Among Mechanically Ventilated Patients: A Systematic Review.

Kira A Grush1, Ellie Svoboda2, Peter J Dunbar3

  • 1University of Colorado Internal Medicine Residency Program, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO.

Critical Care Medicine
|April 14, 2025
PubMed
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Mechanically ventilated patients frequently experience moderate to severe dyspnea. This symptom is linked to long-term issues like PTSD, but management strategies exist.

Keywords:
critical caredyspneamechanical ventilationprevalencesystematic review

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Area of Science:

  • Critical Care Medicine
  • Respiratory Medicine
  • Patient Experience

Background:

  • Dyspnea is a distressing symptom in critically ill patients.
  • The prevalence and severity of dyspnea in mechanically ventilated patients are not well understood.
  • Understanding dyspnea is crucial for improving patient outcomes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To systematically review the prevalence and severity of dyspnea in communicative, mechanically ventilated adults.
  • To identify factors associated with dyspnea in the short-term and long-term.
  • To explore potential management strategies for dyspnea.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic search of multiple medical databases (MEDLINE, Embase, etc.).
  • Inclusion of prospective observational studies and randomized controlled trials.
  • Data extraction on dyspnea prevalence, severity, associated outcomes, and interventions by two independent reviewers.

Main Results:

  • Dyspnea affects 40.6% of communicative, mechanically ventilated patients and is moderate to severe.
  • Dyspnea is associated with adverse long-term outcomes, including posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD).
  • Identified interventions include inspiratory muscle training, ventilation adjustments, high-flow nasal cannula, opioids, and nonpharmacologic methods.

Conclusions:

  • Dyspnea is a common and severe symptom in mechanically ventilated patients.
  • Dyspnea is linked to negative long-term consequences such as PTSD.
  • Various strategies can manage or palliate dyspnea, warranting further clinical integration.