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Normalization Methods for Shoulder Strength in Baseball Athletes.

Sean M Kennedy1, Natalie L Myers1, John E Conway2

  • 1Memorial Hermann Health, Rockets Sports Medicine Institute, Houston, Texas.

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|April 15, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Body mass normalization is the most appropriate method for comparing shoulder strength in baseball players of different sizes. This statistically supported method accounts for anthropometric differences, aiding in injury prevention and performance analysis.

Keywords:
baseballnormalizationshoulderstrength

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Area of Science:

  • Sports Medicine
  • Biomechanics
  • Orthopedics

Background:

  • Baseball arm injuries are increasing, with links to shoulder strength, injury risk, and performance.
  • Shoulder strength varies significantly among baseball players and is influenced by anthropometric measures.
  • Current normalization methods for shoulder strength lack adequate statistical validation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To identify a shoulder strength normalization method that meets key statistical assumptions (intercept and correlation).
  • To provide a statistically sound approach for comparing shoulder strength across baseball players with diverse anthropometrics.

Main Methods:

  • Cross-sectional study involving uninjured baseball athletes.
  • Isometric shoulder strength (external rotation, internal rotation, scapular abduction) measured using handheld dynamometry.
  • Five normalization methods assessed against intercept and correlation assumptions, with P < 0.05 significance.

Main Results:

  • Body mass normalization was the sole method satisfying both intercept and correlation assumptions for all tested shoulder strength measures (ER, IR, SCAP).
  • Statistical analysis confirmed P > 0.05 for body mass normalization, indicating suitability.

Conclusions:

  • Normalizing shoulder strength (ER, IR, SCAP) in uninjured baseball players using body mass is statistically validated.
  • Body mass normalization is recommended for clinicians comparing shoulder strength in baseball athletes with varying anthropometric characteristics.
  • This study offers a clinically relevant and reproducible method for normalizing isometric shoulder strength in baseball players.