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Related Concept Videos

Bones of the Upper Limb: Ulna01:15

Bones of the Upper Limb: Ulna

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The ulna and radius are parallel bones of the antebrachium or the forearm. The ulna lies medially and consists of a bony tip called the olecranon process at its proximal end. This hook-like projection articulates with the olecranon fossa of the humerus and forms the "hinged" ulnohumeral part of the elbow joint. This joint facilitates forearm extension and flexion while preventing its hyperextension. Similarly, the coronoid process, another bony projection on the proximal/anterior side...
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Pitch-Specific Advanced Analytic and Pitch-Tracking Risk Factors for Ulnar Collateral Ligament Injuries in Major

Michael A Mastroianni1, Jennifer A Kunes1, John D Mueller1

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Summary

Higher pitch velocity and specific release characteristics are linked to ulnar collateral ligament (UCL) surgery in Major League Baseball pitchers. Advanced metrics like Pitching+ and Location+ also show associations with UCL injury risk.

Keywords:
Major League BaseballTommy John surgeryadvanced analyticsfastballthrower’s elbowulnar collateral ligament injury

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Area of Science:

  • Sports Medicine
  • Biomechanics
  • Baseball Analytics

Background:

  • Pitch-tracking metrics offer new insights into pitcher physical characteristics and performance.
  • Understanding pitch-specific data is crucial for investigating ulnar collateral ligament (UCL) injury risk.
  • Pitcher arsenals vary, necessitating individualized analysis of injury risk factors.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the association between advanced analytic and pitch-tracking metrics and UCL surgery rates in MLB pitchers.
  • To identify specific pitch characteristics that correlate with increased risk of UCL injury requiring surgery.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective case-control study of MLB pitchers undergoing primary UCL reconstruction or repair (2018-2023).
  • Exclusion of pitchers with insufficient data or prior UCL surgery; matched controls (2:1) based on season, age, position, handedness, and pitch count.
  • Collection of pitch-specific metrics from public MLB sources; statistical analysis using unpaired t-tests and binary logistic regression.

Main Results:

  • Increased fastball, changeup, and sinker velocity were associated with UCL surgery.
  • Decreased horizontal release point and increased horizontal approach angle for certain pitches correlated with surgery.
  • Higher spin rates on sliders, increased release extension on cutters, and superior Pitching+/Location+ metrics were linked to UCL surgery.

Conclusions:

  • Pitch-specific metrics demonstrate significant associations with UCL surgery rates in MLB pitchers.
  • Higher velocity pitches, specific release characteristics, and advanced performance metrics (Pitching+, Location+) are risk factors.
  • Focusing on the entire pitching arsenal, beyond just fastball velocity, is essential for mitigating UCL injury risk.