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Related Concept Videos

Cis-regulatory Sequences02:02

Cis-regulatory Sequences

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Cis-regulatory sequences are short fragments of non-coding DNA that are present on the same chromosomes as the genes that they regulate. These fragments serve as binding sites for transcriptional regulators, proteins that are responsible for controlling gene transcription and differential gene expression across cell types in eukaryotes. Cis-regulatory sequences can be close to the gene of interest or thousands of bases away in the DNA sequence; however, those sequences that are further away are...
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John H. Renwick first coined the term “synteny” in 1971, which refers to the genes present on the same chromosomes, even if they are not genetically linked. The species with common ancestry tend to show conserved syntenic regions. Therefore, the concept of synteny is nowadays used to describe the evolutionary relationship between species.
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The endosymbiont theory is the most widely accepted theory of eukaryotic evolution; however, its progression is still somewhat debated. According to the nucleus-first hypothesis, the ancestral prokaryote first evolved a membrane to enclose DNA and form the nucleus. Conversely, the mitochondria-first hypothesis suggests that the nucleus was formed after endosymbiosis of mitochondria.
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The genomes of eukaryotes are punctuated by long stretches of sequence which do not code for proteins or RNAs. Although some of these regions do contain crucial regulatory sequences, the vast majority of this DNA serves no known function. Typically, these regions of the genome are the ones in which the fastest change, in evolutionary terms, is observed, because there is typically little to no selection pressure acting on these regions to preserve their sequences.
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Speciation is the evolutionary process resulting in the formation of new, distinct species—groups of reproductively isolated populations.
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Updated: May 13, 2025

Reverse Dissection and DiceCT Reveal Otherwise Hidden Data in the Evolution of the Primate Face
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Addressing missing context in regulatory variation across primate evolution.

Genevieve Housman1, Audrey Arner2,3, Amy Longtin2,3

  • 1Department of Primate Behavior and Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany.

Arxiv
|April 16, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Regulatory variants in non-coding DNA drive primate adaptation. Functional genomics data, especially in diverse contexts, are crucial for understanding these adaptive traits and their links to evolution and disease.

Keywords:
context-dependent gene regulationevolutionfunctional genomicsgenetics of adaptationprimates

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Area of Science:

  • Evolutionary biology
  • Genomics
  • Primate evolution

Background:

  • Adaptive trait variation in primates frequently involves non-coding DNA.
  • Functional genomic data are key to understanding regulatory variants but are scarce in non-human primates.
  • Existing data often lack tissue, cell type, and developmental context, limiting insights into context-dependent effects.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the evolutionary relevance of context-dependent regulatory loci in primates.
  • To explore challenges and solutions for mapping context-dependent variation.
  • To discuss the scientific questions addressable with such data.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review focusing on functional genomics in primates.
  • Analysis of challenges in generating and interpreting large-scale genomic data.
  • Discussion of potential applications of context-dependent regulatory data.

Main Results:

  • Context-dependent regulatory loci are highly relevant for primate evolution.
  • Significant challenges exist in generating comprehensive functional genomic data for non-human primates.
  • Emerging solutions and methodologies are improving data generation and analysis.

Conclusions:

  • Addressing data gaps in context-dependent regulatory variation is critical.
  • Such data will illuminate evolutionary processes and regulatory adaptation.
  • Insights gained can inform understanding of human disease.