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Liposomal immunisation against snake venoms.

R R New, R D Theakston, O Zumbuehl

    Toxicon : Official Journal of the International Society on Toxinology
    |January 1, 1985
    PubMed
    Summary
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    A single injection of specially prepared carpet viper venom in liposomes creates a lifelong antibody response in mice. This method also shows promise for oral administration, inducing significant antibody levels.

    Area of Science:

    • Immunology
    • Biotechnology
    • Toxicology

    Background:

    • Developing effective and long-lasting antibody responses to venom is crucial for antivenom therapies.
    • Traditional antivenom production often requires multiple administrations and can have limitations.
    • Novel delivery systems are needed to enhance immunogenicity and duration of antibody response.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To develop a method for a single-injection, permanent antibody response to Nigerian Echis carinatus (carpet viper) venom.
    • To investigate the immunogenicity of venom encapsulated in stabilized liposomes.
    • To evaluate both parenteral and oral administration routes for liposome-entrapped venom.

    Main Methods:

    • Nigerian Echis carinatus venom was incorporated into sphingomyelin-cholesterol liposomes stabilized with cross-linked sphingomyelin using osmium tetroxide.

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  • Liposome preparations were dialyzed to remove unbound osmium tetroxide.
  • Animals (mice, rabbits, sheep) received venom via intravenous, subcutaneous, or oral administration; antibody levels were assessed using enzyme immunoassay.

    • Main Results:

    • Single intravenous or subcutaneous injection of liposome-entrapped venom induced a powerful, sustained, and protective antibody response throughout the lifetime of mice.
    • Significant antibody responses were observed following oral administration of liposome-entrapped venom.
    • Free venom, administered orally, did not elicit a significant antibody response.

    Conclusions:

    • Stabilized liposome encapsulation of Echis carinatus venom can generate a potent and lifelong antibody response after a single parenteral injection.
    • Oral administration of liposome-entrapped venom represents a viable strategy for inducing protective antibodies.
    • This liposomal venom formulation offers a promising approach for developing advanced antivenom strategies.