Neutrophils and COVID-19.

Area of Science:

• Immunology
• Pathology
• Virology

Background:

• Neutrophils are critical immune cells, forming Neutrophil Extracellular Traps (NETs) to combat pathogens.
• Uncontrolled NET formation and cytokine storms contribute to severe disease, particularly in COVID-19.
• Increased low-density neutrophils (LDNs) and NETs are linked to poor prognosis in COVID-19 patients.

Purpose of the Study:

• To review neutrophil ontogeny, activation, and recruitment during infections, with a focus on SARS-CoV-2.
• To summarize research on targeted therapies for neutrophil-related conditions.
• To provide insights for developing treatments for severe COVID-19.

Main Methods:

• Literature review of neutrophil biology and immune responses.
• Analysis of the role of neutrophils and NETs in SARS-CoV-2 infection.
• Summary of current research on NET inhibitors and cytokine inhibitors.

Main Results:

• Neutrophil subpopulations develop distinct pathogen-elimination mechanisms.
• Dysregulated NET formation and LDNs are key factors in severe COVID-19 pathogenesis.
• Targeted therapies inhibiting NETs and cytokines show promise.

Conclusions:

• Understanding neutrophil ontogeny and activation is crucial for managing infectious diseases.
• Targeting NETs and cytokine pathways offers potential therapeutic strategies for severe COVID-19.
• Further research is needed to develop effective neutrophil-targeted treatments.