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Related Concept Videos

Heart Valves01:17

Heart Valves

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The human heart is a complex organ with an intricate system of valves that regulate blood flow. There are two main types of valves: atrioventricular (AV) valves and semilunar valves.
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The heart's primary function is to pump blood throughout the body, maintaining a balance between blood sent out (cardiac output) and blood returning (venous return). If this balance is disrupted, it can result in congestive heart failure (CHF), a severe condition where the heart becomes an inefficient pump, leading to inadequate blood circulation.
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Auscultation, an essential part of a heart examination, is done using a stethoscope. It provides crucial information about heart function and possible heart problems. Due to heart problems, abnormal sounds can be heard during systole or diastole. These sounds include S3 and S4 gallops, opening snaps, systolic clicks, and murmurs.
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Heart failure (HF) is a progressive syndrome involving ventricles that leads to inadequate cardiac output. It can be classified based on location and output or ejection fraction. Ejection fraction (EF) is an essential measurement in the diagnosis and surveillance of HF. Reduced EF corresponds to systolic heart failure (HFrEF). However, HF with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) is becoming increasingly prevalent. Also known as diastolic HF, this form of HF is related to aging. The...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 11, 2025

An Image Guided Transapical Mitral Valve Leaflet Puncture Model of Controlled Volume Overload from Mitral Regurgitation in the Rat
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Tri-leaflet mitral valve in hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy.

André Alexandre1,2, André Dias-Frias1, Bruno Brochado1,2

  • 1Department of Cardiology, Unidade Local de Saúde de Santo António, Largo Do Prof. Abel Salazar, 4099-001 Porto, Portugal.

Indian Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery
|April 18, 2025
PubMed
Summary

A rare tri-leaflet mitral valve (MV) associated with hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy (HOCM) caused severe mitral regurgitation (MR). Surgical myectomy effectively treated the obstruction, regurgitation, and symptoms in this unique case.

Keywords:
Hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathyMultimodality imagingSurgical myectomyTri-leaflet mitral valve

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Area of Science:

  • Cardiology
  • Cardiac Surgery
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Tri-leaflet mitral valve (MV) is an exceptionally rare anomaly.
  • It is frequently linked to significant mitral regurgitation (MR).
  • This condition may manifest as a phenotypic expression of hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy (HOCM).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To present a unique case of HOCM with a tri-leaflet MV and severe MR.
  • To illustrate the successful surgical management of this rare presentation.
  • To highlight the relationship between MV anatomy, HOCM, and MR.

Main Methods:

  • Case report of a 69-year-old woman with HOCM, tri-leaflet MV, and SAM-induced severe MR.
  • Medical therapy was optimized, but symptoms persisted.
  • Surgical myectomy was performed due to refractory symptoms and significant MR.

Main Results:

  • The surgical myectomy improved left ventricular outflow tract obstruction.
  • Systolic anterior motion (SAM)-induced severe MR was significantly reduced.
  • The patient experienced substantial symptomatic relief post-surgery.

Conclusions:

  • This case highlights a rare coexistence of HOCM and a tri-leaflet MV.
  • Tailored surgical myectomy proved effective in managing severe MR and obstruction.
  • The findings underscore the importance of considering rare MV anomalies in HOCM.