Advancing bridge resilience: a review of monitoring technologies for flood-prone infrastructure

Floods pose a critical threat to bridge infrastructure, which plays an essential role in transportation networks and economic resilience. This review examines state-of-the-art Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) technologies tailored to mitigate flood risks, focusing on their real-world applications in flood-prone bridges. A central feature of this review is the extensive use of case studies, illustrating diverse SHM methods applied globally to monitor challenges such as debris accumulation, hydrodynamic forces, and scour-primary causes of bridge failures. These examples provide detailed insights into technologies like sonar-based devices, scour probes, photographic monitoring, rotation- and vibration-based techniques. By showcasing specific case studies-such as bridges monitored using smart magnetic rocks, Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR), and fibre optic sensors-the review highlights practical outcomes, demonstrating how SHM systems enhance resilience through early detection and predictive maintenance. It also explores the challenges of implementing these systems, including environmental sensitivity, cost, and data complexity, while identifying gaps in integrating hydraulic and structural data for holistic risk assessments. This review advocates for multidisciplinary collaboration and advanced data-driven solutions, such as AI-based predictive maintenance, to address climate change impacts and increasing flood risks. By bridging cutting-edge research with real-world applications, this article provides actionable insights into scalable, adaptive SHM solutions, inspiring engineers and researchers to develop more resilient infrastructure for a changing world.