Point-of-need species identification using non-PCR DNA-based approaches to combat wildlife crime

Wildlife crime, defined as any unlawful exploitation and trade of wildlife, is a lucrative illegal global industry, along with narcotics and weapons trafficking. It encompasses the harvest, transport, exchange, and end use of wildlife or wildlife-derived products. Regulated internationally by the Convention on the International Trade in Endangered Species of Flora and Fauna (CITES, 1973), wildlife crime is primarily detected using morphological or DNA sequencing methods. However, there is a growing demand for rapid, portable, and cost-effective screening tools to bypass time-consuming workflows and specialist laboratory equipment. Point-of-need testing, particularly at wildlife hotspots like international borders, offers a promising solution for the swift detection of illegal activities. Isothermal amplification methods such as loop mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP), rolling circle amplification (RCA), and recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA), are favoured for their low resource needs compared to traditional PCR. These methods can be combined with target detection methods such as clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) and aptamers to enhance sensitivity. Integrating these methods with others, such as lateral flow assays (LFA) and microfluidic devices, simplifies sample preparation and visualisation. Already established in disease diagnosis and food safety, these innovations in genetic testing provide rapid, on-site detection. When applied to wildlife crime, they can serve as tools to complement traditional PCR and sequencing methods. This review explores how non-PCR based approaches could offer faster, simpler, and more cost-effective solutions to combat wildlife crime.