Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Quantum Numbers02:43

Quantum Numbers

34.0K
It is said that the energy of an electron in an atom is quantized; that is, it can be equal only to certain specific values and can jump from one energy level to another but not transition smoothly or stay between these levels.
34.0K
2D NMR: Heteronuclear Single-Quantum Correlation Spectroscopy (HSQC)01:19

2D NMR: Heteronuclear Single-Quantum Correlation Spectroscopy (HSQC)

576
Heteronuclear single-quantum correlation spectroscopy (HSQC) is a 2D NMR technique that reveals one-bond correlations between hydrogen and a heteronucleus. The HSQC experiment is similar to the heteronuclear correlation experiment (HETCOR) but is more sensitive. In the HSQC spectrum, the proton chemical shift is plotted on the horizontal F2 axis, while the 13C chemical shift is plotted on the vertical F1 axis. The corresponding proton and 13C spectra are also shown. The HSQC contour plot does...
576
¹³C NMR: ¹H–¹³C Decoupling01:04

¹³C NMR: ¹H–¹³C Decoupling

947
The probability of having two carbon-13 atoms next to each other is negligible because of the low natural abundance of carbon-13. Consequently, peak splitting due to carbon-carbon spin-spin coupling is not observed in spectra. However, protons up to three sigma bonds away split the carbon signal according to the n+1 rule, resulting in complicated spectra.
A broadband decoupling technique is used to simplify these complex, sometimes overlapping, signals. Broadband decoupling relies on a...
947
Interpreting ¹H NMR Signal Splitting: The (n + 1) Rule01:10

Interpreting ¹H NMR Signal Splitting: The (n + 1) Rule

1.1K
In the AX proton spin system, proton A can sense the two spin states of a coupled proton X, resulting in a doublet NMR signal with two peaks of equal (1:1) intensity. When proton A is coupled to two equivalent protons (AX2 spin system), the spin states of each X can be aligned with or against the external field, creating three possible scenarios. This results in a 1:2:1  triplet signal, where the central peak corresponds to the chemical shift of A and is twice as large or intense as the...
1.1K
¹H NMR: Interpreting Distorted and Overlapping Signals01:02

¹H NMR: Interpreting Distorted and Overlapping Signals

922
Spin systems where the difference in chemical shifts of the coupled nuclei is greater than ten times J are called first-order spin systems. These nuclei are weakly coupled, and their chemical shifts and coupling constant can generally be estimated from the well-separated signals in the spectrum.
As Δν decreases and the signals move closer, the doublets appear increasingly distorted. The intensities of the inner lines increase at the cost of those of the outer lines as the signals are...
922
π Electron Effects on Chemical Shift: Overview01:27

π Electron Effects on Chemical Shift: Overview

1.0K
An applied magnetic field causes loosely bound π-electrons in organic molecules to circulate, producing a local or induced diamagnetic field over a large spatial volume. As the molecules tumble in solution, the field generated by π-electrons in spherical substituents results in a zero net field. However, the net field generated by π-electrons in non-spherical substituents is not zero. The effect of this induced field depends on the orientation of the molecule with respect to B0,...
1.0K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

METTL14-mediated m<sup>6</sup>A modification of DDIT4 promotes its mRNA stability in aging-related idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.

Epigenetics·2025
Same author

Novel compound heterozygous CYP17A1 mutations identified in a family with two siblings affected by 17α-hydroxylase/17,20-lyase deficiency.

Steroids·2025
Same author

Enhanced Electrochemiluminescence from Ruthenium-Tagged Immune Complex at Flexible Chains for Sensitive Analysis of Glutamate Decarboxylase Antibody.

Biosensors·2025
Same author

Identification of crucial extracellular genes as potential biomarkers in newly diagnosed Type 1 diabetes <i>via</i> integrated bioinformatics analysis.

PeerJ·2025
Same author

Pulmonary artery denervation by noninvasive stereotactic radiotherapy: a pilot study in swine models of pulmonary hypertension.

Nature communications·2025
Same author

Decoding aging in the heart via single cell dual omics of non-cardiomyocytes.

iScience·2024
Same journal

Erratum: Bacterial Turbulence at Compressible Fluid Interfaces [Phys. Rev. Lett. 136, 138301 (2026)].

Physical review letters·2026
Same journal

Unveiling Light-Quark Yukawa Flavor Structure via Dihadron Fragmentation at Lepton Colliders.

Physical review letters·2026
Same journal

Adaptable Route to Fast Coherent State Transport via Bang-Bang-Bang Protocols.

Physical review letters·2026
Same journal

Topological Transition and Emergence of Elasticity of Dislocation in Skyrmion Lattice: Beyond Kittel's Magnetic-Polar Analogy.

Physical review letters·2026
Same journal

Pound-Drever-Hall Method for Superconducting-Qubit Readout.

Physical review letters·2026
Same journal

Coupling a ^{73}Ge Nuclear Spin to an Electrostatically Defined Quantum Dot in Silicon.

Physical review letters·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 11, 2025

Quantum State Engineering of Light with Continuous-wave Optical Parametric Oscillators
09:23

Quantum State Engineering of Light with Continuous-wave Optical Parametric Oscillators

Published on: May 30, 2014

14.4K

Hidden Multidimensional Modulation Side Channels in Quantum Protocols.

Amita Gnanapandithan1, Li Qian1,2, Hoi-Kwong Lo1,2,3

  • 1University of Toronto, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Toronto, Canada.

Physical Review Letters
|April 18, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Practical quantum devices unexpectedly use hidden multidimensional modulation. This violates assumptions in quantum protocols like quantum key distribution, creating security vulnerabilities and impacting cryptographic security.

More Related Videos

A Photonic System for Generating Unconditional Polarization-Entangled Photons Based on Multiple Quantum Interference
00:07

A Photonic System for Generating Unconditional Polarization-Entangled Photons Based on Multiple Quantum Interference

Published on: September 5, 2019

8.3K
Generation and Coherent Control of Pulsed Quantum Frequency Combs
06:42

Generation and Coherent Control of Pulsed Quantum Frequency Combs

Published on: June 8, 2018

8.9K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 11, 2025

Quantum State Engineering of Light with Continuous-wave Optical Parametric Oscillators
09:23

Quantum State Engineering of Light with Continuous-wave Optical Parametric Oscillators

Published on: May 30, 2014

14.4K
A Photonic System for Generating Unconditional Polarization-Entangled Photons Based on Multiple Quantum Interference
00:07

A Photonic System for Generating Unconditional Polarization-Entangled Photons Based on Multiple Quantum Interference

Published on: September 5, 2019

8.3K
Generation and Coherent Control of Pulsed Quantum Frequency Combs
06:42

Generation and Coherent Control of Pulsed Quantum Frequency Combs

Published on: June 8, 2018

8.9K

Area of Science:

  • Quantum Information Science
  • Quantum Cryptography
  • Quantum Computing Security

Background:

  • Quantum protocols, such as quantum key distribution (QKD) and blind quantum computing (BQC), rely on the preparation of quantum states with precisely known dimensions.
  • The security and functionality of these protocols are predicated on the assumption that the prepared quantum states adhere to these dimensional constraints.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the actual dimensionality of quantum states prepared by practical quantum devices.
  • To identify potential discrepancies between theoretical assumptions and real-world implementations in quantum protocols.
  • To assess the security implications arising from any observed deviations in quantum state dimensionality.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of the operational characteristics of practical quantum devices used in quantum information processing.
  • Experimental or theoretical examination of the modulation techniques employed by these devices.
  • Identification of hidden or unintended multidimensional modulations in the prepared quantum states.

Main Results:

  • Practical quantum devices frequently exhibit hidden multidimensional modulation.
  • This multidimensional modulation deviates from the expected known dimensions assumed in standard quantum protocols.
  • The violation of dimensional assumptions introduces unexpected side channels and security loopholes.

Conclusions:

  • The findings challenge the fundamental dimensional assumptions underpinning many quantum protocols.
  • The identified security loopholes pose a significant risk to the integrity of quantum cryptographic systems.
  • Further research is required to develop robust quantum protocols that account for the observed behavior of practical devices.