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Chiral Superfluid Helium-3 in the Quasi-Two-Dimensional Limit.

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Confining superfluid helium-3 (³He) in small spaces stabilizes the chiral A phase over the B phase. This research explores the full pressure-temperature phase diagram, paving the way for 2D superfluids.

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Area of Science:

  • Condensed Matter Physics
  • Superfluidity
  • Quantum Fluids

Background:

  • Surface effects typically favor the chiral A phase of superfluid helium-3 (³He) over the time-reversal invariant B phase.
  • Confinement of ³He to nanometer-scale cavities (D ≈ coherence length ξ₀) amplifies surface effects throughout the sample.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the stability of superfluid ³He phases under strong confinement.
  • To explore the full pressure-temperature (P-T) phase diagram of confined ³He.
  • To determine if the chiral A phase can be stabilized across the entire P-T diagram, down to quasi-2D limits.

Main Methods:

  • Confining superfluid ³He in cavities of height D ≈ ξ₀ (16-77 nm).
  • Coating cavity surfaces with superfluid helium-4 (⁴He) film to ensure specular quasiparticle scattering.
  • Measuring the superfluid phase stability across a wide pressure range (0.2-21.0 bar).

Main Results:

  • The chiral A phase is stabilized across the entire P-T phase diagram under strong confinement (D/ξ₀ = 1).
  • The planar phase, degenerate with the A phase in the weak-coupling limit, was not observed.
  • An empirical ansatz for temperature-dependent strong-coupling effects was derived from gap measurements.

Conclusions:

  • Strong confinement effectively stabilizes the chiral A phase of superfluid ³He, suppressing the B phase.
  • The observed results demonstrate the potential for creating 2D pₓ+ip<0xE1><0xB5><0xA3> superfluids under extreme confinement.
  • This work provides a pathway for future research into exotic 2D superfluid states.