Synergistic heterojunction effects in Ag₃PO₄/SnO₂ nanocomposites: a photocatalytic study on isoproturon degradation

Pesticides such as isoproturon are widely employed and represent a considerable environmental concern. The development of sustainable and efficient degrading techniques is crucial. Photocatalytic degradation employing semiconductor materials is a compelling solution. This study examines the synergistic advantages of heterojunction formation by synthesizing, characterizing, and improving the photocatalytic efficacy of Ag₃PO₄/SnO₂ nanocomposites for the degradation of isoproturon.

The Ag₃PO₄/SnO₂ nanocomposite was characterised using powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Ultraviolet-Diffuse Reflectance Spectroscopy (UV-DRS) and X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS). The effective synthesis of the Ag₃PO₄/SnO₂ heterojunction was confirmed by characterization data from various techniques (PXRD, FTIR, SEM, UV-DRS, XPS).

Elemental mapping confirmed uniform distribution of O, P, Ag, and Sn. High-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) was employed to analyse degradation products. The Ag₃PO₄/SnO₂ nanocomposite exhibited improved photocatalytic degradation of isoproturon compared to its precursors. In contrast to 25% for pure SnO₂ and 41% for Ag₃PO₄, over 97% degradation was achieved using Ag₃PO₄/SnO₂ nanocomposite within 120 min of light irradiation under identical conditions. The synergistic effects of heterojunction formation significantly enhanced isoproturon degradation using the Ag₃PO₄/SnO₂ nanocomposite. The heterojunction reduces electron-hole recombination rate and enhances photogenerated charge carriers for degradation via effective charge separation. The improved photocatalytic activity is ascribed to the increased surface area of the nanocomposite. The analysis of HRMS data revealed the degradation products. The findings demonstrate the efficacy of Ag₃PO₄/SnO₂ nanocomposites as photocatalysts for environmental remediation, namely in the breakdown of pesticides.