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Related Concept Videos

Radical Reactivity: Overview01:11

Radical Reactivity: Overview

2.1K
Radicals, the highly reactive species, gain stability by undergoing three different reactions. The first reaction involves a radical-radical coupling, in which a radical combines with another radical, forming a spin‐paired molecule. The second reaction is between a radical and a spin‐paired molecule, generating a new radical and a new spin‐paired molecule. The third reaction is radical decomposition in a unimolecular reaction, forming a new radical and a spin‐paired...
2.1K
Radical Formation: Homolysis00:54

Radical Formation: Homolysis

3.5K
A bond is formed between two atoms by sharing two electrons. When this bond is broken by supplying sufficient energy, either two electrons can be taken up by one atom forming ions by the cleavage called heterolysis, or the two electrons are shared by two atoms, with one each creating radicals by the cleavage called homolysis.
3.5K
Radical Formation: Overview01:03

Radical Formation: Overview

2.1K
A bond can be broken either by heterolytic bond cleavage to form ions or homolytic bond cleavage to yield radicals. A fishhook arrow is used to represent the motion of a single electron in homolytic bond cleavage. There are two main sources from which radicals can be formed:
Radicals from spin-paired molecules:
Radicals can be obtained from spin-paired molecules either by homolysis or electron transfer. While two radicals are formed in the former, an electron is added in the...
2.1K
Radical Reactivity: Intramolecular vs Intermolecular01:33

Radical Reactivity: Intramolecular vs Intermolecular

1.7K
Radical reactions can occur either intermolecularly or intramolecularly. In an intermolecular radical reaction, a nucleophilic radical adds to an electrophilic alkene or vice versa. In such reactions, the radical and generally the alkene, which is also called the radical trap, are two different molecules. Additionally, for such intermolecular reactions to occur, the radical trap must be active, present in an excess concentration, and the radical starting material must have a weak...
1.7K
Radical Reactivity: Nucleophilic Radicals01:16

Radical Reactivity: Nucleophilic Radicals

2.1K
Radicals adjacent to electron-donating groups are called nucleophilic radicals. These radicals readily react with electrophilic alkenes. The SOMO–LUMO interactions are the driving force for the reaction, where the high-energy SOMO of the electron-rich, nucleophilic radicals interacts with the low-energy LUMO of the electron-deficient, electrophilic alkenes. Such SOMO–LUMO interactions are the basis of reactive radical traps, affecting the selectivity in radical reactions. For...
2.1K
Radical Formation: Addition00:47

Radical Formation: Addition

1.7K
Radicals can be formed by adding a radical to a spin-paired molecule. This is typically observed with unsaturated species, where the addition of a radical across the π bond leads to the production of a new radical by dissolving the π bond. For example, the addition of a Br radical to an alkene yields a carbon-centered radical.
Similar to charge conservation in chemical reactions, spin conservation is implicit for radical reactions. Accordingly, the product formed must possess an...
1.7K

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Updated: Jun 13, 2025

Exploring the Radical Nature of a Carbon Surface by Electron Paramagnetic Resonance and a Calibrated Gas Flow
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Exploring the Radical Nature of a Carbon Surface by Electron Paramagnetic Resonance and a Calibrated Gas Flow

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Radical-Induced Selective C─C Bond Activation at the Air-Solid Interface.

Qinlei Liu1,2, Alina Begley2, Daniel F Abbott2

  • 1Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, 29 Wangjiang Road, Chengdu, 610064, P. R. China.

Small (Weinheim an Der Bergstrasse, Germany)
|April 21, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Surfaces and interfaces can control the reactivity of radicals in chemical reactions. This study shows that a metal surface template with water enables highly selective radical reactions, forming specific products like 4-mercaptophenol.

Keywords:
C─C bond activationinterfacial waterradical reactionsurface chemistrytip‐enhanced Raman spectroscopy

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Area of Science:

  • Surface Chemistry
  • Radical Reactions
  • Catalysis

Background:

  • Radicals are highly reactive but difficult to control in synthetic chemistry.
  • Achieving selectivity in radical reactions is a significant challenge.
  • Surface/interface effects on radical reactions are not fully understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the influence of surfaces/interfaces on radical reaction selectivity.
  • To explore the use of low-temperature plasma for radical generation.
  • To compare radical reaction pathways under homogeneous and heterogeneous conditions.

Main Methods:

  • Low-temperature plasma ionization source for radical generation.
  • Tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (TERS).
  • Mass spectrometry (MS).
  • X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS).

Main Results:

  • A metal surface with interfacial water significantly altered the radical reaction pathway.
  • Surface-immobilized biphenylthiol (BPT) yielded selective radical reaction products.
  • 4-mercaptophenol was formed on Au(111) via C-C bond cleavage, a unique outcome.

Conclusions:

  • Surfaces and interfaces can precisely tailor radical reaction pathways.
  • High selectivity in radical reactions is achievable at the air/solid interface.
  • This work demonstrates a novel approach for controlled radical chemistry.