Comparative analysis of the short-term germination and metal accumulation patterns of two Sorghum hybrids

Metal contamination poses a high risk for organisms, especially those with extensive food chain relevancy. Thus, elevated concentration of metals is considered a major cause for concern in crops. This study aimed to evaluate the short-term responses of sorghum and Sudan grass to different Cd/Zn doses in a complex germination test by assessing growth parameters, tissue metal concentrations, and metal interaction accountant for the ecophysiological and elemental alterations. To do so, radicle and hypocotyl length were measured, and Ca, K, Mg, Cd, Cu, Fe, and Zn concentrations were determined after 24, 72, and 120 h. Our results indicated significant (p < 0.05) differences in the radicle and hypocotyl length by species, contaminant dose, and exposure time. Further, the applied doses along the exposure time gradient significantly and variously affected tissue concentrations. Out of the comparisons involving single metal doses, two significant interactions were revealed: the concentrations of both Cu and Fe were significantly reduced by the increase in Cd concentration in Sudan grass tissues. It was concluded that both species have an excellent potential to indicate metal contamination and accumulate metals in the short term, however, with differences in their responses along the exposure gradient. Additionally, this study filled a literature gap by revealing major patterns and limitations in growth and metal accumulation for sorghum and Sudan grass, thereby supporting further research and practical implications.