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Electrochemistry is the science involved in the interconversion of electrical and chemical reactions. Such reactions are called reduction-oxidation, or redox reactions. These important reactions are defined by changes in oxidation states for one or more reactant elements and include a subset of reactions involving the transfer of electrons between reactant species. Electrochemistry as a field has evolved to yield sufficient insights on the fundamental principles of redox chemistry and multiple...
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Activated manganese(IV) oxide can selectively oxidize allylic and benzylic alcohols via a radical intermediate mechanism. Primary allylic alcohols are oxidized to aldehydes, while secondary allylic alcohols yield ketones. The redox reaction of potassium permanganate with an Mn(II) salt such as manganese sulfate (under either alkaline or acidic conditions), followed by thorough drying, yields the oxidizing agent: activated MnO2. While MnO2 is insoluble in the solvents used for the reaction, the...
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Besides iodine, other oxidizing or reducing agents can serve as titrants in redox titrations. Common oxidizing titrants include KMnO4, cerium(IV), and K2Cr2O7. The choice of oxidizing titrants depends on factors like stability, cost, analyte strength, and reaction rate between the analyte and titrant. KMnO4 is a strong oxidizing titrant that reduces from Mn(VII) to Mn(II) in a highly acidic solution, simultaneously oxidizing the analyte to a higher oxidation state. In this case, KMnO4 acts as a...
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Ladder diagrams are useful tools for understanding redox equilibrium reactions, especially the effects of concentration changes on the electrochemical potential of the reaction. The vertical axis in the redox ladder diagrams represents the electrochemical potential, E. The area of predominance is demarcated using the Nernst equation.
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A reduction-oxidation reaction is commonly called a redox reaction. In a redox reaction, electrons are transferred from one species to another rather than being shared between or among atoms. The reducing agent or reductant is the species that loses electrons and gets oxidized in the process. The species that gains electrons and gets reduced in the process is the oxidizing agent or oxidant. Redox reactions are represented as two separate equations called half-reactions, where one equation...
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Interface-Controlled Redox Chemistry in Aqueous Mn2⁺/MnO₂ Batteries.

Xinzhe Xue1, Zhen Liu1, Swetha Chandrasekaran2

  • 1Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, 1156 High Street, Santa Cruz, CA, 95064, USA.

Advanced Materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.)
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A novel vanadyl/pervanadyl (VO2+/VO2+) redox-mediated interface enhances manganese dioxide (MnO2) batteries. This interface stabilizes the electrode, enabling high energy density and efficient Mn2+/MnO2 conversion for advanced energy storage.

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Mn2+/MnO2 batteriesinterface dynamicsproton and water activityredox mediationvanadyl/pervanadyl redox

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Electrochemistry
  • Energy Storage

Background:

  • Manganese dioxide (MnO2) deposition/dissolution (Mn2+/MnO2) chemistry is promising for energy storage but faces challenges.
  • Electrode/electrolyte interface instability, Mn degradation, and poor reversibility limit Mn2+/MnO2 battery performance.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To design a static redox-mediated interface for high-energy Mn2+/MnO2 batteries.
  • To investigate the mechanism of interfacial H+ and H2O activity regulation by a vanadyl/pervanadyl (VO2+/VO2+) redox mediator.

Main Methods:

  • Development of a static vanadyl/pervanadyl (VO2+/VO2+) redox-mediated interface.
  • Analysis of interfacial H+ and H2O activity regulation mechanisms.
  • Electrochemical performance testing of Mn2+/MnO2 batteries with the modified interface.

Main Results:

  • The VO2+/VO2+ redox mediator effectively suppressed Mn3+ hydrolysis, achieving 100% Mn2+/MnO2 conversion.
  • A stable coulombic efficiency of ~95% and ultrahigh capacity of 100 mAh cm-2 were achieved.
  • Areal energy density reached 111 mWh cm-2, outperforming flow systems.
  • Specific capacity of 593 mAh g-1 and specific energy density of 721 Wh kg-1 were demonstrated at high MnO2 loadings.

Conclusions:

  • Interfacial redox mediation is critical for regulating H+ and H2O activity in Mn2+/MnO2 batteries.
  • The static VO2+/VO2+ redox-mediated interface significantly enhances Mn2+/MnO2 battery performance and stability.
  • This approach offers a pathway for developing high-energy, eco-friendly Mn-based batteries.