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Alkali Metals

Alkali Metals

Group 1 elements are soft and shiny metallic solids. They are malleable, ductile, and good conductors of heat and electricity. The melting points of the alkali metals are unusually low for metals and decrease going down the group, while the density increases going down the group with the exception of potassium (Table 1).
Table 1: Properties of the alkali metals

Reduction of Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation

Reduction of Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation

Alkenes undergo reduction by the addition of molecular hydrogen to give alkanes. Because the process generally occurs in the presence of a transition-metal catalyst, the reaction is called catalytic hydrogenation.
Metals like palladium, platinum, and nickel are commonly used in their solid forms — fine powder on an inert surface. As these catalysts remain insoluble in the reaction mixture, they are referred to as heterogeneous catalysts.
The hydrogenation process takes place on the...

Reduction of Alkenes: Asymmetric Catalytic Hydrogenation

Reduction of Alkenes: Asymmetric Catalytic Hydrogenation

Catalytic hydrogenation of alkenes is a transition-metal catalyzed reduction of the double bond using molecular hydrogen to give alkanes. The mode of hydrogen addition follows syn stereochemistry.
The metal catalyst used can be either heterogeneous or homogeneous. When hydrogenation of an alkene generates a chiral center, a pair of enantiomeric products is expected to form. However, an enantiomeric excess of one of the products can be facilitated using an enantioselective reaction or an...

Radical Substitution: Hydrogenolysis of Alkyl Halides with Tributyltin Hydride

Radical Substitution: Hydrogenolysis of Alkyl Halides with Tributyltin Hydride

Radical substitution reactions can be used to remove functional groups from molecules. The hydrogenolysis of alkyl halides is one such reaction, where the weak Sn–H bond in tributyltin hydride reacts with alkyl halides to form alkanes. Here, the reagent Bu3SnH yields tributyltin halide as a byproduct.
The bonds formed in this reaction are stronger than the bonds broken, making it energetically favorable. The reaction follows a radical chain mechanism similar to radical halogenation...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 10, 2025

A Simple, Low-cost, and Robust System to Measure the Volume of Hydrogen Evolved by Chemical Reactions with Aqueous Solutions

A Simple, Low-cost, and Robust System to Measure the Volume of Hydrogen Evolved by Chemical Reactions with Aqueous Solutions

Published on: August 17, 2016

Surface Single Atom Alloys for Alkaline Hydrogen Evolution Reaction.

Li Xu^1,2, Yanping Xu³, Bin Xia⁴

¹State Key Laboratory of Fluorine & Nitrogen Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China.

Advanced Materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.)

|April 22, 2025

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Surface single atom alloys (SSAAs) integrate single atom catalysts and single atom alloys. The new Pt1-MoL-Mo2C SSAAs show enhanced alkaline hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) performance, offering insights for advanced single-site catalyst design.

Keywords:

free‐atom‐like d state hydrogen evolution reaction molybdenum carbide single atom catalyst surface single‐atom alloys

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Synthesis of Metal Nanoparticles Supported on Carbon Nanotube with Doped Co and N Atoms and its Catalytic Applications in Hydrogen Production

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Simple Methods for the Preparation of Non-noble Metal Bulk-electrodes for Electrocatalytic Applications

Simple Methods for the Preparation of Non-noble Metal Bulk-electrodes for Electrocatalytic Applications

Published on: June 21, 2017

Area of Science:

Materials Science
Catalysis
Electrochemistry

Background:

Single atom catalysts (SACs) offer 100% metal atom utilization and support effects.
Single atom alloys (SAAs) possess free-atom-like electronic structures due to metallic bonds.

Purpose of the Study:

To develop surface single atom alloys (SSAAs) combining advantages of SACs and SAAs.
To investigate the structure and catalytic properties of Pt1-MoL-Mo2C SSAAs for hydrogen evolution reaction (HER).

Main Methods:

Synthesis of SSAAs by incorporating an ultrathin metallic layer.
Characterization using comprehensive spectroscopic techniques.
Theoretical calculations to elucidate electronic structure and reaction mechanisms.

Main Results:

Pt single atoms preferentially coordinated with a metallic Mo nanolayer, forming Pt1-MoL surface alloys on Mo2C.
The Mo nanolayer acted as an electron buffer, creating a free-atom-like d state at Pt1 sites.
Enhanced aggregation, adsorption, and activation of H2O were observed.
Pt1-MoL-Mo2C SSAAs demonstrated superior alkaline HER performance over Pt1/Mo2C SACs, with a 12 mV overpotential and 17 mV dec−1 Tafel slope.

Conclusions:

SSAAs effectively integrate the benefits of SACs and SAAs.
The designed SSAAs exhibit excellent HER activity in alkaline media.
This work offers novel strategies for designing advanced single-site catalysts.