A worldwide research overview of Artificial Proprioception in prosthetics

Proprioception is the body's ability to sense its position and movement, which is essential for motor control. Its loss after amputation poses significant challenges for prosthesis users. Artificial Proprioception enhances sensory feedback and motor control in prosthetic devices. This review provides a global overview of current research and technology in the field, emphasizing feedback mechanisms, neural interfaces, and biomechatronic integration. This work examines innovations in sensory feedback for amputees, including electrotactile and vibrotactile stimulation, artificial intelligence, and neural interfaces to enhance prosthetic control. The methodology involved reviewing studies from Scopus, Web of Science, and PubMed on prosthetic proprioceptive feedback from 2004 to 2024, evaluating sensory feedback research by author, country, and affiliation with a synthesis provided. Countries like the United States and Italy are collaborating to advance global research. The paper concludes with potential developments, such as advanced, user-centered prosthetics that meet amputees' sensory needs and significantly enhance their quality of life.