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Unity or disunity of the sciences? The German debate around 1900.

Martin Kusch1

  • 1University of Vienna, Department of Philosophy, Austria.

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Summary

This paper explores late 19th/early 20th-century German debates on natural, social, and historical sciences. It highlights key discussions on cultural history, psychology, economics, neo-Kantianism, and the path from Marxism to sociology.

Keywords:
DiltheyHermeneuticsHistory of historiographyHistory of philosophy of science – CohenKniesLazarusNeo-Kantian philosophyRickertSimmelSombartStammlerSteinthalTreitschkeTönniesUnity of scienceWeberWindelband

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Area of Science:

  • History of Science
  • German Academia
  • Intellectual History

Background:

  • Intense and prolonged debates characterized German-speaking academia.
  • Focus on the interrelationships between natural, social, and historical sciences.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide an overview of these complex scientific and philosophical debates.
  • To analyze specific discussions on cultural history, psychology, social sciences, economics, neo-Kantianism, and the emergence of sociology.

Main Methods:

  • Historical analysis of academic discourse.
  • Examination of key figures and their contrasting viewpoints.
  • Tracing intellectual lineages and influences.

Main Results:

  • Detailed examination of debates on cultural history (e.g., Schäfer vs. Gothein).
  • Analysis of the evolving position of psychology (e.g., Wundt, Dilthey).
  • Exploration of the role of social sciences, economics, neo-Kantianism, and Marxism's transition to sociology.

Conclusions:

  • These scientific debates were deeply intertwined with broader social-political controversies.
  • Understanding these historical discussions offers insights into the development of modern academic disciplines.
  • The paper connects intellectual history with socio-political contexts in German academia.