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West Nile Virus (WNV): One-Health and Eco-Health Global Risks.

Luigi Bruno1, Maria Anna Nappo1, Raffaele Frontoso2

  • 1Department of Prevention, Azienda Sanitaria Locale (A.S.L.) Napoli 3 Sud, Castellammare di Stabia, 80053 Naples, Italy.

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Summary

West Nile virus (WNV) is a mosquito-borne pathogen causing West Nile fever or lethal neurological disease. Climate change is expanding WNV

Keywords:
West Nile virus (WNV)clinical signsdiagnosiseco-healtheconomic impactepidemiologyimmune responselegislationone-healthpathogenesispathologysurveillance

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Area of Science:

  • Veterinary Medicine
  • Epidemiology
  • Public Health

Background:

  • West Nile virus (WNV) is a zoonotic Flaviviridae pathogen with endemic and emerging geographical distribution.
  • Transmission occurs via mosquitoes (Aedes, Anopheles, Culicoides), leading to varied clinical presentations in humans and animals.
  • West Nile neuroinvasive disease (WNND) poses the highest risk, particularly in elderly, immunosuppressed individuals, horses, and wildlife.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a comprehensive review of West Nile virus.
  • To highlight key aspects including epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, and economic impact.
  • To discuss the influence of climate change on WNV spread and One Health implications.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review synthesizing data on WNV.
  • Analysis of epidemiological trends and disease surveillance.
  • Examination of virology, pathogenesis, clinical signs, pathology, and economic factors.

Main Results:

  • WNV causes West Nile fever (mild) and WNND (severe, lethal).
  • Climate change facilitates WNV's global spread, creating One Health and Eco-Health emergencies.
  • Affected populations include humans, horses, avian, and wildlife species.

Conclusions:

  • WNV poses a significant and expanding global health risk.
  • Integrated surveillance and One Health approaches are crucial for WNV management.
  • Understanding WNV's epidemiology and pathogenesis is vital for mitigating its impact.