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Related Concept Videos

Design Example: Capacitance Multiplier Circuit01:20

Design Example: Capacitance Multiplier Circuit

614
In integrated circuit technology, a capacitance multiplier is often utilized to produce a larger capacitance value when a small physical capacitance falls short. This is achieved by a circuit that multiplies capacitance values by a factor of up to 1000, such that a 10-pF capacitor can replicate the performance of a 100-nF capacitor.
The circuit illustrated in Figure 1 below incorporates two op-amps, with the first operating as a voltage follower and the second acting as an inverting amplifier.
614
Cascaded Op Amps01:16

Cascaded Op Amps

537
Operational amplifiers (op-amps) are versatile electronic components that can be interconnected in a cascade - one after another in a linear sequence. This cascading is possible due to their infinite input resistance and zero output resistance, allowing them to maintain their input-output relationships even when connected in series.
In a cascaded system, each op-amp is referred to as a stage. The output of one stage drives the input of the subsequent stage. As the input signal passes through...
537
Clipper Circuit01:18

Clipper Circuit

296
A clipper circuit is a fundamental wave-shaping device that harnesses the unique properties of diodes to alter and control waveform characteristics. This technology is widely used in electronic devices, especially in television and radar communication systems, where it enhances waveform modulation in both transmitters and receivers.
The operation of a clipper circuit can be exemplified by analyzing a dual-clipper configuration setup that integrates two ideal diodes, each paired with a biasing...
296
Voltage Doubler Circuit01:23

Voltage Doubler Circuit

397
A voltage doubler circuit integrates two main components: a clamping section and a rectifier section. The clamping section consists of a capacitor (C1) and a diode (D1), whereas the rectifier section is equipped with another diode (D2) and capacitor (C2). This circuit produces an output voltage with twice the amplitude of the sinusoidal input voltage.
397
The Y-to-Delta Circuit01:19

The Y-to-Delta Circuit

380
A balanced wye-to-delta circuit comprises balanced Y-connected voltage sources and delta-connected loads with no neutral line connection.
The initial step in analyzing a wye-to-delta circuit is to assume a positive phase sequence. These phase voltages are then utilized to calculate the line voltages that occur directly across the delta-connected load impedances. Van, Vbn, and Vcn are the phase voltages in wye, and Vab, Vbc, and Vca are the line voltages for a delta circuit. The relation between...
380
RL Circuits01:14

RL Circuits

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An RL circuit consists of a resistor and an inductor and may have a source of emf connected to it. The inductor in the circuit helps to prevent rapid changes in current, which can be helpful if a steady current is required but the external source has a fluctuating emf. Consider an open RL circuit connected to a source of constant emf. As soon as the circuit is closed, the current begins to increase at a rate that depends only on the value of the inductance in the circuit. The greater the...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 10, 2025

Assaying Circuit Specific Regulation of Adult Hippocampal Neural Precursor Cells
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Published on: July 24, 2019

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A humanized Gs-coupled DREADD for circuit and behavior modulation.

Qi Zhang1, Ruiqi Wang2, Liang Zhang3

  • 1Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Natural Medicine Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.

Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience
|April 24, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers developed a humanized Gs-coupled Designer Receptor Exclusively Activated by Designer Drugs (DREADD), hM3Ds. This novel DREADD effectively modulates neuronal excitability and shows promise for treating Parkinson's disease, offering a potentially safer alternative for clinical use.

Keywords:
D1-MSNsDREADDGs-signalingmodulationneuronal activationtransgene modification

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Molecular Biology
  • Neurological Therapeutics

Background:

  • Designer Receptors Exclusively Activated by Designer Drugs (DREADDs) are crucial tools in neuroscience research.
  • Current Gs-coupled DREADDs, like rM3Ds, are derived from non-human proteins, posing potential immunogenicity and tolerability issues for clinical translation.
  • Modulating neuronal excitability is key for treating neurological disorders.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a whole sequence-humanized Gs-coupled DREADD (hM3Ds) for improved clinical applicability.
  • To evaluate the efficacy of hM3Ds in modulating neuronal activity and alleviating Parkinsonian phenotypes.
  • To assess the safety profile of hM3Ds for potential therapeutic interventions.

Main Methods:

  • Engineered a whole sequence-humanized Gs-coupled DREADD (hM3Ds).
  • Characterized the ligand response profile of hM3Ds compared to rM3Ds.
  • Expressed hM3Ds selectively in D1 medium spiny neurons (D1-MSNs) in a Parkinson's disease mouse model.

Main Results:

  • hM3Ds demonstrated a comparable DREADD ligand response profile to the existing rM3Ds.
  • Selective expression of hM3Ds in D1-MSNs successfully activated the basal ganglia direct pathway.
  • hM3Ds treatment significantly alleviated Parkinsonian phenotypes in the mouse model.

Conclusions:

  • The engineered humanized Gs-coupled DREADD (hM3Ds) is a viable and potentially safer tool for neuroscience research.
  • hM3Ds shows significant therapeutic potential for neurological diseases, including Parkinson's disease.
  • This humanized DREADD advances the clinical translation of DREADD technology.