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Double standards in judging collective action.

Nils K Reimer1, Marija Branković2, Iniobong Essien3

  • 1Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of California, Santa Barbara.

Journal of Experimental Psychology. General
|April 24, 2025
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

People do not consistently show bias in judging protests based on social class, race, or gender. Instead, ideological alignment influences perceptions of protest acceptability, with progressives favoring causes matching their views.

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Area of Science:

  • Social Psychology
  • Political Psychology
  • Collective Action Research

Background:

  • Collective action is crucial for social change but often faces controversy regarding acceptable tactics.
  • Previous research suggests potential double standards in evaluating protest actions based on group identity or cause.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate whether observers apply double standards when judging the acceptability of protest actions.
  • To examine the influence of social class, race, and gender on the evaluation of collective action.
  • To explore the role of ideological alignment in perceptions of protest acceptability.

Main Methods:

  • Developed an instrument measuring 25 controversial protest actions using item response theory.
  • Conducted three preregistered experiments with 2,776 participants assessing judgments of protest acceptability.
  • Analyzed data for ingroup bias related to social class, race, and gender, and for ideological influences.

Main Results:

  • No consistent evidence of ingroup bias was found regarding social class, race, or gender in judging protests.
  • Progressive participants rated protests more acceptable when aligned with their ideology (workers' rights, defunding police, against abortion restrictions).
  • Conservative participants showed some acceptance for abortion restriction protests but found all police-related protests equally unacceptable.

Conclusions:

  • Ideological alignment, rather than ingroup bias based on social class, race, or gender, significantly shapes judgments of protest acceptability.
  • Findings challenge simple ingroup bias models and highlight the role of political ideology in evaluating social movements.
  • Understanding these divided responses is critical for comprehending the dynamics of social movements and public opinion.