Jembrana disease in Indonesia: An updated review

Jembrana illness is an infectious disease that affects Balinese cattle in Indonesia. This disease is caused by the Jembrana disease virus (JDV), a lentivirus of the Retroviridae family. It was initially detected in 1964 in Jembrana Regency, Bali, Indonesia. Bali cattle have been widely disseminated throughout the Indonesian archipelago, and there is evidence that Jembrana disease has affected Bali cattle on the islands of Bali, Sumatra, and Java. During the acute stage, JDV is present in secreted fluids such as saliva, milk, and nasal secretions. There is no evidence of clinical illness recurrence in animals that have survived acute JDV infection. The clinical symptoms of Jembrana illness in cattle include elevated fever, stool bloody diarrhea, increased salivation, and enlarged lymph nodes. Jembrana illness is transmitted through direct contact between sick and healthy cows. This disease is also believed to be spread by blood-sucking insects, including flies, fleas, and mosquitoes. The most common risk factors are unregulated animal traffic movements that are not even under the supervision of animal health officers. Livestock producers suffered immediate financial losses as a result of the local epidemic of the Jembrana disease. Although there is currently no known cure for Jembrana disease, it can be prevented with vaccination. To stop the spread of the disease, livestock travel must also be considered.