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Related Concept Videos

Gene Conversion02:08

Gene Conversion

Other than maintaining genome stability via DNA repair, homologous recombination plays an important role in diversifying the genome. In fact, the recombination of sequences forms the molecular basis of genomic evolution. Random and non-random permutations of genomic sequences create a library of new amalgamated sequences. These newly formed genomes can determine the fitness and survival of cells. In bacteria, homologous and non-homologous types of recombination lead to the evolution of new...
Cooperative Binding of Transcription Regulators02:13

Cooperative Binding of Transcription Regulators

Transcriptional regulators bind to specific cis-regulatory sequences in the DNA to regulate gene transcription. These cis-regulatory sequences are very short, usually less than ten nucleotide pairs in length. The short length means that there is a high probability of the exact same sequence randomly occurring throughout the genome.  Since regulators can also bind to groups of similar sequences, this further increases the chances of random binding. Transcriptional regulators form dimers that...
Exon Recombination02:32

Exon Recombination

The evolution of new genes is critical for speciation. Exon recombination, also known as exon shuffling or domain shuffling, is an important means of new gene formation. It is observed across vertebrates, invertebrates, and in some plants such as potatoes and sunflowers. During exon recombination, exons from the same or different genes recombine and produce new exon-intron combinations, which might evolve into new genes. 
Exon shuffling follows “splice frame rules.” Each exon has three reading...
Single-Strand DNA Binding Proteins01:03

Single-Strand DNA Binding Proteins

For successful DNA replication, the unwinding of double-stranded DNA must be accompanied by stabilization and protection of the separated single strands of the DNA. This crucial task is performed by single-strand DNA-binding (SSB) proteins. They bind to the DNA in a sequence-independent manner, which means that the nitrogenous bases of the DNA need not be present in a specific order for binding of SSB proteins to it. The binding of SSB proteins straightens single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) and makes...
Nucleic Acid Structure01:25

Nucleic Acid Structure

The pentose sugar in DNA is deoxyribose, while in RNA the pentose sugar is ribose. The difference between the sugars is the presence of the hydroxyl group on the ribose's second carbon and a hydrogen on the deoxyribose's second carbon. The phosphate residue attaches to the hydroxyl group of the 5′ carbon of one sugar and the hydroxyl group of the 3′ carbon of the sugar of the next nucleotide, which forms  a 5′ to 3′ phosphodiester linkage.
DNA Structure
DNA has a double-helix structure. The...
Transformation01:26

Transformation

Microbial communities are dynamic environments where cell lysis releases free DNA into the surroundings. Other cells can take up this extracellular DNA through a process known as transformation.When a cell incorporates this foreign DNA into its genome, resulting in genetic modification, the process is known as transformation. Cells capable of this process are termed competent. Competence can be natural, as observed in certain bacteria and archaea, or artificially induced in the...

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Preparation of DNA-crosslinked Polyacrylamide Hydrogels
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Cascade DNA Structural Transitions Enable Stimuli-Responsive Hydrogels.

Michael Shao Min Ho1,2, Alycia Zi Ting Lim1,3, Yujie Ke4

  • 1Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis #08-03, Singapore 138634, Republic of Singapore.

ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces
|April 25, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study introduces a novel DNA cascade system that uses cofactor-bridged structures to control hydrogel formation and dissolution. This breakthrough enables precise drug release and potential applications in molecular switches and adaptive materials.

Keywords:
adeninecofactormelaminenoncanonicalthymine

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Area of Science:

  • Biomolecular Engineering
  • Materials Science
  • Synthetic Biology

Background:

  • Cascade interactions are crucial for biological processes and are mimicked using DNA hybridization.
  • Existing DNA cascade systems primarily rely on hybridization for function.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a novel DNA cascade system for constructing and dissociating hydrogel matrices.
  • To leverage noncanonical and canonical DNA structures for stimuli-responsive hydrogels.
  • To demonstrate controlled drug release from DNA hydrogels.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized thymine-rich (T-strands) and adenine-rich (A-strands) oligonucleotides.
  • Introduced melamine (MA) as a cofactor to form noncanonical T-MA-T duplexes.
  • Induced structural transitions to canonical A-T duplexes for hydrogel phase changes.
  • Investigated doxorubicin release profiles from the DNA hydrogel.

Main Results:

  • Successfully constructed a cascade DNA system involving single-stranded, noncanonical, and canonical duplexes.
  • Demonstrated liquid-hydrogel-liquid phase transitions triggered by sequential DNA structural changes.
  • Achieved precisely controlled release of doxorubicin from the DNA hydrogel matrix.

Conclusions:

  • The developed DNA cascade system effectively utilizes triggered structural transitions for hydrogel matrix control.
  • This approach offers a versatile platform for creating stimuli-responsive materials.
  • Potential applications include molecular switches, electronic nanodevices, and adaptive materials.