Defining terminology and outcome measures for evaluating overdose response technology: An international Delphi study

Area of Science:

• Public Health
• Digital Health
• Substance Use Research

Background:

• Novel harm reduction services utilize technology to combat rising drug poisoning deaths, especially for individuals using drugs alone.
• Inconsistent terminology and outcome measures hinder knowledge consolidation in this field.
• A Delphi study was conducted to achieve consensus on metrics for these technological interventions.

Purpose of the Study:

• To establish consensus on standardized terminology and outcome measures for technology-based harm reduction services.
• To address variability in reporting interventions aimed at reducing drug poisoning deaths.
• To facilitate comprehensive knowledge building and clear communication in the field.

Main Methods:

• A multi-round Delphi study involved participants from three stakeholder groups: people who use drugs, virtual harm reduction service operators, and academics.
• Initial open-ended questions proposed items for terminology, demographics, and outcomes.
• Subsequent rounds used Likert ratings (70% consensus threshold) and ranking to refine and finalize metrics.

Main Results:

• "Overdose response technology" was identified as the preferred term, encompassing various tools like alerts, hotlines, and detection devices.
• Consensus was reached on 14 demographic data collection points (e.g., age, substance used, location).
• Six service use outcomes were recommended, including response type, overdose events, and responder arrival time.

Conclusions:

• Standardized terminology and recommended outcome measures are crucial for future research and knowledge dissemination.
• Implementing these standardized metrics will ensure clear communication and a shared language in harm reduction technology.
• This consensus facilitates a more robust understanding and effective application of overdose response technologies.