Environmental and Familial Risk Factors for Multiple Sclerosis: Insights from a Saudi Arabian Cohort

Background and Objectives: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic autoimmune condition that impacts the central nervous system and has a rising incidence globally, especially in Saudi Arabia. Materials and Methods: This study examines environmental, lifestyle, and familial risk factors associated with MS in the Aljouf Region by a cross-sectional analysis of 155 clinically diagnosed MS patients. Data were gathered using structured questionnaires and medical record examinations to evaluate sociodemographic characteristics, sun exposure, smoking, obesity, eating habits, and childhood infections. Results: Logistic regression research found insufficient daily sun exposure (<15 min/day), smoking, obesity, and childhood measles infection as significant risk factors, but substantial weekend sun exposure (>4 h/day), exclusive breastfeeding, and regular fish consumption were deemed protective. While familial history of MS was statistically significant (5.5%, p = 0.04), parental consanguinity (38.7%) did not show a significant association with MS risk (p = 0.07). Conclusions: The findings underscore the complex nature of MS and the pressing necessity for preventive efforts, such as advocating for vitamin D supplementation, smoking cessation, obesity prevention, and dietary adjustments. Mitigating these controllable risk factors may alleviate the prevalence of MS in Saudi Arabia.