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Related Concept Videos

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Sleep apnea is a condition where breathing stops intermittently during sleep, often leading to significant health issues. Each episode can last from 10 to 20 seconds or more and is frequently accompanied by a brief arousal from sleep. This disturbance, largely unnoticed by the individual, can lead to severe daytime fatigue. Commonly, individuals seek help after being informed by their partners about loud snoring and noticeable breathing pauses during sleep.
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Olfactory Receptors: Location and Structure01:03

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The process of olfaction, also known as the sense of smell, is a sophisticated chemical response system. The specialized sensory neurons that facilitate this process, known as olfactory receptor neurons, are situated in an upper segment of the nasal cavity, known as the olfactory epithelium. Olfactory sensory neurons are bipolar, with their dendrites extending from the epithelium's apex into the mucus that lines the nasal cavity. Airborne molecules, when inhaled, traverse the olfactory...
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The sense of smell is achieved through the activities of the olfactory system. It starts when an airborne odorant enters the nasal cavity and reaches olfactory epithelium (OE). The OE is protected by a thin layer of mucus, which also serves the purpose of dissolving more complex compounds into simpler chemical odorants. The size of the OE and the density of sensory neurons varies among species; in humans, the OE is only about 9-10 cm2.
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Physiology of Smell and Olfactory Pathway01:20

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Sleep is an essential physiological process vital to maintaining overall well-being. The reticular activating system (RAS), a network of neurons in the brainstem, regulates wakefulness and sleep. While it may seem passive, sleep consists of distinct cycles, each with its unique characteristics and functions. Two key sleep phases are non-rapid eye movement (NREM) and  rapid eye movement (REM).
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Exploring the Relationship Between Obstructive Sleep Apnea and Olfactory Function.

Antonino Maniaci1,2,3, Mario Lentini1,2, Maria Rita Bianco4

  • 1Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Enna "Kore", 94100 Enna, Italy.

Life (Basel, Switzerland)
|April 26, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is linked to olfactory dysfunction, with higher rates in OSA patients. This review explores the connection, mechanisms, and treatment implications for sleep apnea and smell disorders.

Keywords:
Inflammationchronic intermittent hypoxiacontinuous positive airway pressuremultidisciplinary managementneurocognitive functionobstructive sleep apneaolfactory assessmentolfactory dysfunctionolfactory trainingsleep fragmentation

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Area of Science:

  • Integrates research on obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and olfactory disorders, previously distinct fields.

Background:

  • Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a chronic condition impacting health and quality of life.
  • Growing evidence suggests a strong link between OSA and olfactory dysfunction.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a comprehensive overview of the relationship between OSA and olfactory disorders.
  • To explore postulated mechanisms and clinical impacts of this association.

Main Methods:

  • This is a narrative review synthesizing recent studies on OSA and olfactory dysfunction.
  • Explores mechanisms including chronic intermittent hypoxia, inflammation, and neuroanatomical changes.

Main Results:

  • Patients with OSA exhibit a significantly higher frequency of olfactory dysfunction compared to the general population.
  • Potential causal relationship suggested by increased olfactory dysfunction in OSA patients.

Conclusions:

  • Olfactory assessment may serve as a diagnostic tool for OSA.
  • Understanding the interaction is crucial for managing patients with both conditions and guiding future research.