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Research on a High-Temperature Electromagnetic Ultrasonic Circumferential Guided Wave Sensor Based on Halbach Array.

Yuanxin Li1,2, Jinjie Zhou1,2, Jiabo Wen1,2

  • 1School of Mechanical Engineering, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China.

Micromachines
|April 26, 2025
PubMed
Summary

This study introduces a novel high-temperature electromagnetic acoustic transducer (EMAT) using a Halbach array for inspecting pipelines up to 600 °C. It achieves 10-minute stable operation, overcoming limitations of existing EMATs for critical infrastructure monitoring.

Keywords:
CLamb wavesEMATHalbach arraydefect detectionhigh-temperature pipelinelift-off

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Non-destructive Testing
  • Mechanical Engineering

Background:

  • High-temperature pipelines in petrochemical and power industries face extreme conditions (450-600 °C), risking defects like stress corrosion and creep.
  • Traditional inspection methods require costly shutdowns, while existing electromagnetic acoustic transducers (EMATs) have limited high-temperature tolerance (≤500 °C) and short-term stability (<5 min).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a high-frequency circumferential guided wave (CLamb wave) EMAT capable of long-term, stable detection on 600 °C pipelines.
  • To overcome the temperature tolerance and stability limitations of current EMAT technology for effective in-situ monitoring.

Main Methods:

  • Designed a CLamb wave EMAT utilizing a Halbach permanent magnet array for optimized magnetic flux density.
  • Implemented magnetic circuit optimization and multi-layer insulation for enhanced high-temperature performance and stability.
  • Conducted simulations to evaluate magnetic flux density and displacement amplitude at large lift-off.
  • Performed experimental validation at 600 °C to assess sensor temperature, defect detection capability, and signal stability.

Main Results:

  • The Halbach array EMAT demonstrated a 1.4x increase in magnetic flux density and a 2x increase in displacement amplitude at a 9 mm lift-off.
  • The sensor maintained a stable internal temperature below 167 °C at an external temperature of 600 °C.
  • Successfully detected defects as small as a φ3 mm half-hole with a low signal attenuation rate of 0.32%/min.
  • Observed a 1.5x higher signal amplitude on Q235 pipelines at high temperatures (<5 min) compared to room temperature, though long-term stability was affected by material degradation.

Conclusions:

  • The developed Halbach array EMAT overcomes the long-term detection bottleneck for high-temperature applications.
  • This technology offers a new, efficient scheme for online inspection of high-temperature pipelines, enhancing safety and reducing costs.
  • Further research may be needed to address material degradation effects for even longer-term stability in extreme environments.